Chlorogenic acid

In the present study, constitutive silencing of PMT genes was targeted to block or reduce the expression of putrescine methyl transferase that catalyzes the conversion of putrescine to methyl putrescine. As a consequence, accumulation of putrescine and nicotinic acid derivatives was expected. It was reported that silencing of PMT genes resulted in an increased level of putrescine and spermidine in Nicotiana sylvestris [14] and anatabine in Nicotiana tabacum [15]. Silencing of ADC, which converts arginine to putrescine and ODC which converts ornithine to putrescine also produced low nicotine plants with increased levels of anatabine in Nicotiana tabacum [16, 17]. Anatabine is a toxic alkaloid derived from nicotinic acid and is a cholinergic agonist. MS, ESI spectra of the low nicotine RNAi plants in positive and negative mode did not show accumulation of anatabine. Instead, we report for the first time that reduction of nicotine content results in a concomitant increase in the content of chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid is an ester formed between caffeic acid and quinic acid with proven antioxidant properties [14, 33]. Silencing PMT genes accumulate putrescine that can combine with hydroxycinnamates to produce hydroxy cinnamate-putrescine conjugates such as caffeoyl putrescine,…

However, tea and caffeine did not show a correlation between consumption and reduced depression risk. The researchers addressed the fact that more studies had to be done to confirm that there is a connection between coffee consumption and reducing the risk of depression. The researchers speculated that this correlation may be the results of the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of non-caffeine ingredients in coffee. Chlorogenic acid is known to have inflammatory effects and depression…

and for you to get rid of bad breathe, white spots, and even tooth decay, follow this method for a minimum of twice a week. 7. Baking soda with strawberry. Baking soda is a natural teeth whitening agent and strawberry has a vitamin c content that helps in removing white spots on teeth. Strawberry also removes cavities and other stains in your teeth. You need to mix 2 tablespoons of baking soda and 3 fresh flashes of ripe strawberry pulps to make it into a fine paste. Wet your brush and dip it…

Pharmaceutical Research is indexed by Science Citation Index (SciSearch), Scopus, International Pharmaceutical Abstract, Chemical Abstracts, Embase, Index Copernicus, EBSCO, African Index Medicus, JournalSeek, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), African Journal Online, Bioline International, Open-J-Gate and Pharmacy Abstracts INTRODUCTION Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a branched bushy shrub of the Asteraceae family and originated from South America…

oxygen3. Serratia Marcescens is a gram negative bacterium. Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell of a single layer of peptidoglycan that is enclosed by an outer membrane. The outer membrane is surrounded by special phospholipids composed of fatty acids called lipopolysaccharides that are attached to a glucosamine…

neutralization reaction. A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form an ionic compound (a salt) and water; the resulting pH is closer to 7. The general chemical equation for a neutralization reaction is: Acid + Base Water + Ionic Compound This can also be considered as a double displacement reaction. However, since the reacts are an acid (carbonic acid) and a base (sodium hydroxide) and the products are a salt (sodium carbonate) and water (H2O),…

than anything else. It is important to take care of the body from any harm. One thing that the body is capable of is maintaining pH levels and buffers. A pH is the power of hydrogen and buffers prevent extreme shifts in pH. The blood has a specific type of buffer that is maintained at pH level of 7.4. If the buffers shifts and levels of pH go to 7 or 7.8, it can be deadly. The blood buffer contains carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate acid and hydrogen ions. This equation can also be…

Bronsted-Lowry Theory, is defined as a proton (H+) donor. An equation exemplifying an acid dissolving in water is: HCl (g) H2O H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) A base, based on the Bronsted-Lowry Theory, is defined as a proton (H+) acceptor. An equation exemplifying a base dissolving in water: NaOH (s) H2O Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Molarity, also known as the concentration, is represented as moles of the measured substance divided by the volume in dm3. It is a value of the amount of substance in a…

INTRODUCTION : The concept of dentin adhesion presently used involves the nanomechanical retention which is due to polymerisation of hydrophilic monomers around acid exposed collagen fibres.1 The entanglement of these monomers within the exposed collagen fibres gives rise to the so called Hybrid layer , which is also referred as Resin infiltrated Dentin layer.2 The presence of hybrid layer is important for attainment of a leakage free interface between the cavity walls and resin composite.2…

occurring all over the world, from deforestation to excessive water pollution. One urgent issue facing the world today is freshwater pollution and the negative effects it is having on freshwater aquatic life. Pollution is creating a positive feedback loop in our freshwater aquatic life, including the killings of many of freshwater wildlife. Through the analysis of several different articles and books, this review will look over how eutrophication, acid rain, and heavy metal pollution effects…