RNA

A Comparison of Protein Synthesis between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes The different fundamental organisation of genetic material and organelles between eukaryotes and prokaryotes leads to dissimilar processes of protein synthesis. The larger eukaryotes have a more intricate pathway associated with protein synthesis, due to both the biochemical structure of organelles and enzymes, and also the transport of genetic material within cell. In this essay I hope to explore the differences of gene…

The role of polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and Gene therapy in medicine. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in the 1980s. It is a method in which a single copy of DNA is amplified. Using this technique which has a specific sequences ,millions of copies of DNA can be produced. In this process, many other conditions including several enzymes and primers are involved. This application of PCR extent from research to the commercial sector. Denaturation:- The reaction mixture is heated up to…

3. Results 3.1 Cloning and phylogenetic analysis B. bigemina Argentina strain was used to obtain genomic and cDNA for PCR with primers BbigAMA-1 F and R to amplify the AMA-1 gene. The sequences had an identical length from both templates and of the estimated size according to primers' design (not shown). The nucleotide sequencing analysis presented a 1988-bp long gene (gene bank accession number: AB481200) and encoded a 595-amino acid peptide (gene bank accession number: BAH22706) (Fig. 1)…

Kary Mullis was born December 28, 1944. Mullis worked as a DNA chemist for 7 years, He also invented the polymerase chain reaction. Kary Mullis was born in Lenoir, North Carolina. Mullis is 71 years old, He’s also been married 3 times. He wrote a quote stating “Art is subject to arbitrary fashion”. Kary Mullis accomplishments were very overall. His invention of the polymerase chain reaction chain reaction helps specific segment of DNA results quickly and accurately. Methods obtaining a…

The title of the video, “Ghost in your Genes”, is very appropriately titled because it discussed the various appearances of phenotypic differences among organisms with identical genomes. In the mid to late 1900s, scientists were convinced that DNA sequences were solely responsible for every trait evident in organisms. After the human genome experiment, which involved compiling and analyzing genomes of thousands of different people, it was determined that humans have around 25,000 genes, far…

Caulobacter Crescentus is a dimorphic, α-proteobacterium found in oligotrophic environments. Their dimorphic cell cycle produces two morphologically and functionally different daughter cells, known as the stalked cell and the swarmer cell. The stalked cell remains anchored to the substratum and is sessile, while the swarmer cell is motile. Upon chemotaxis, the swarmer cell disperses in search of nutrients. Once sufficient nutrients are located the cell cycle can continue. In the early phases of…

All genes of living organisms are translated into proteins according to a single genetic code. Eighteen out of the twenty amino acids are encoded by multiple codons, called synonymous codons. If the ultimate goal of protein translation is to produce the encoded amino acid, each synonymous codon should be used equally. Interestingly however, biased usage among synonymous codons occurs in organisms like Escherichia coli and yeast. Codon usage bias refers to the fact that some synonymous codons are…

et Assignment 1.2 DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule which carry genetic instruction used in the functioning ,development ,reproduction and growth of all living organism including viruses. DNA are composed of simpler monomer units called nucleotide. They are termed polynucleotide as DNA have two strands. Nucleotides is composed of four nitrogenous base, they are ADENINE(A), THYMINE (T),CYTOSINE(C), and GUANINE (G).””(DNA) DNA bases pair up with each other, A:T and C:G, to form…

Epigenetics is the modification of the genome to regulate gene expression. This process is achieved through a variety of different mechanisms including but not limited to, chromatin condensation, acetylation modification, and methylation modification. Gene expression can also be altered through a number of non-epigenetic mechanisms, such as environmental factors, like temperature, and the introduction of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) into the environment. The level of chromatin…

Figure 5. Rosiglitazone (highlighted in green) forms three salt bridges with neighboring atoms at the hydrophilic end of the LBD. Rosiglitazone binding to PPARγ causes a conformational change within the complex that causes the dissociation of the endogenous ligand and the recruitment of a nuclear receptor coactivator 2, NCoA-2. This similarly occurs in the other half of the complex: RXRα Receptor A type II nuclear receptor as well, RXR-α heterodimerizes with PPARγ. The ligand that…