Renin

the tunica intima and media, which can cause pain or tingling in the extremities. Furthermore, other areas of the body that undergo damage due to hypertension include the kidney, brain, heart, extremities and eyes. The changes in the kidney involve renin and aldosterone stimulation caused by the reduction in blood flow, ultimately leading to the retention of sodium and water thus contributing to an increase in blood volume; this poses a problem for the disorder as these changes aren’t noticed…

muscle can work better. Digitalis inhibits sodium-potassium ATPase, with this action increased intracellular sodium happens. When this happens, intracellular calcium is a result. Digitalis also works by reducing sympathetic response and decreased renin-angiotensin system output. Digitalis can be especially helpful with patients that are having elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure because it reduces cardiac sympathetic…

An anatomical change that Addison's disease can have on the nervous system is hyperpigmentation. With the insufficient levels of glucocorticoids, found in the blood, causes the pituitary gland to release more adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH. In some cases, parts of this hormone are converted into melanocytes, which initiates production of melanin. This leads to darkening of skin cells in areas, such as 'Palmar creases, flexural areas, sites of friction, recent scars, vermilion border of the…

acts as the opposite to aldosterone when it comes to acting on the kidney by increasing sodium loss as opposed to aldosterone increasing sodium reabsorption. Atrial natriuretic peptide will also inhibit the production of aldosterone by inhibiting renin secretion. This will have the effect of increasing the flow rate of urine and in turn decrease the amount of water in the body. Water is saved and lost in the body for a variety of reasons, the main ones being dehydration, water overload and…

Hypertension (primary/essential) is one of the most common diseases diagnosed today. Hypertension is a major risk factor in cardiac heart disease, including myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Hypertension is also an independent risk factor for the development of stroke and renal failure. A person with hypertension has double the risk of developing cardiac heart disease than those who have normal blood pressures. What is primary/essential hypertension? It is a systolic blood…

drugs may result in reduction in preload and afterload. These drugs increase vasodilatory effects causing reduction in blood pressure. Risk factors include diabetes, more than 70 years of age and co-administration with other agents that affect the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers (O’Donovan, 2014). Beta blocking agents is another example of anti-hypertensive drugs. The immediate effect is to reduce systolic blood pressure by 20 (mmHg)…

In my opinion, the human body is one of the most complex mechanisms known to mankind – even more complex than the latest iPhone X. The human body comprises of many different systems: the digestive system, the endocrine system, the exocrine system, the muscular system, the urinary system, the reproductive system, the respiratory system, the circulatory system, the sympathetic system, the skeletal system. The human body consists of about 300 bones at birth and this number decreases to 206 by…

Liver failure, caused by things such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, leads to an array of symptoms including cardiorespiratory insufficiency (hepatopulmonary syndrome; HPS) and renal failure (hepatorenal syndrome; HRS). Disregarding the cause of liver failure itself, discuss the development of both of these symptoms. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Figure 1: Blood Flow in Normal Conditions and Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (Grace & Angus, 2013). Figure 1 (above) shows the blood flow in a normal patient (top),…

A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls are high enough that it can cause health problems. Hypertension hikes the chances of getting a disease of the heart and having a stroke. Hypertension, also known as High Blood Pressure, has had many theories on how it was discovered. It has been around since the early Egyptian empires, but the importance did not come around until around the 1950s. By the 16th Century Leonardo Da Vinci showed many diagrams of the anatomical…

Inhibitors LeMone & Burke (2011) stated that in other to accurately discuss angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, it is very important to first of all briefly discuss about the three forms of angiotensin. Angiotensin I is produced by the action of renin on a protein called angiotensinogen, which is formed by the liver. Angiotensin I is then transformed into angiotensin II in the blood by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE. Angiotensin II therefore causes contraction of the…