Renin-angiotensin system

One of the causes on systematic level is renal artery stenosis. This is the narrowing of the arteries that transport blood to the kidney. Since the arteries are narrowed they bring in less blood to the kidney. This causes the kidney to sense a lower blood volume. When this happens the kidney will release the enzyme, Renin. This enzyme will convert angiotensinogen, which is secreted by the liver, to angiotensin I. When the lungs sense angiotensin I in the circulation they will release Angiotensin converting enzyme. This enzyme will start the conversion of angiotensin I into it’s active form, Angiotensin II. This will then cause the adrenal cortex to release the hormone Aldosterone. This hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium and ultimately raises blood pressure. This can be a problem because the arteries that lead to the kidney are already narrows so as the blood pressure rises the exertion on the arteries increases. In people with heart failure the organ is unable to fill the right and left ventricles and also pump adequate amounts of blood. When this happens the blood volume going to the kidney is low. This causes the kidney to release renin and raise the blood pressure. Since the heart already is unable to pump blood efficiently the increase in blood volume causes more pressure on the heart. Heart failure is often associated with hypertension. The baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus detect the increased pressure. This causes them to…

This lab included various experiments that demonstrated how renal system responses and reacts when subjects consuming different types of fluids. Respective fluid volumes are based on each subject’s body mass. Based on each subject’s body mass, after converted from pounds to kilograms, every subjects has different volume and fluids for ingestion. For the control subject, she ingested no fluid throughout entire lab which represented the conditions of normal fluid. For the hypotonic subjects, she…

Renin secretion is stimulated by decreased blood volume, decreased renal perfusion, sodium and water depletion. Subsequently, renin promotes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II through the angiotensin converting enzyme. Due to angiotensin II being a potent vasoconstrictor, it also stimulates aldosterone secretion leading to sodium and water retention. The subsequent renal retention of sodium and water, coupled with an increase in…

According to the American Pharmacists Association, as of late July, Alirocumab, a PCSK9 inhibitor, obtained FDA approval. In addition to diet and aggressive statin therapy, Alirocumab acts as an aid for patients that have clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. These patients are required to lower their cholesterol further. Alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody which is self-administered through subcutaneious injection every two weeks, lowers…

Name: Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease AKA: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) – Common Organ: Cysts form in the proximal convoluted tubules, Bowman’s capsule and collecting ducts of the kidneys. With time, the cysts enlarge. Patients can also present with cysts in the liver, pancreas, lungs, spleen, ovaries, seminal vesicles, testes, epididymis, thyroid, uterus, and bladder. Labs: Proteinuria (50% of patients), azotemia, hematuria, anemia Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal and…

is a list of a few things that can cause Henoch Schönlein Purpura, what plays a big role in this disease is the immune system. If the patient happens to have a lot of infection within the throat, airway or lungs then there is a good possibility that the child will get HSP. Due to the lack of providing the right necessities for your child can lead to a poor immune system. Helping boost a child’s immune system can keep them from getting different types of illnesses, and even some diseases. Strep…

Joanne’s body responds to hypovolemic shock by triggering the cardiovascular, renal, hematologic and neuroendocrine system for support. The Hematologic system responds to major blood loss by activating coagulation cascades and constricting the vessels that are currently bleeding by release of thromboxane A2 and platelets. What this does is form a colt on the bleeding site. Collagen is exposed by damaged vessels which cause fibrin production and stabilize the clots that have been formed. Usually…

reduction in the hypertension. Canrenone is the active metabolite which is thought to play a significant part in exerting the pharmacological effects of the drug Spironolactone. There are numerous side effects of Spironolactone, and some people even found that it had the potential to cause certain types of cancers as well, hence as a result questioning its safety. There are also other adverse effects of Spironolactone which involve the issue of severe hyperkalaemia, especially when…

The human body is composed of eleven major systems that all work together to hold a stable internal environment: homeostasis. Each system consists of different organs that all play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. The circulatory, respiratory and renal systems greatly affect each other in the keeping of the internal environment. Homeostasis is defined as the tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to…

feedback system where heart rate and blood volume need to be altered in order to control the pressure. Local negative feedback systems and heart rate is regulated but the cardiovascular centre which also in turn controls neural and hormonal mechanisms. Neurons regulate heart rate and contractility and some neurons inhibit, stimulate or control heart rate by causing constriction which also controls the blood pressure. The cardiovascular centre receives input responses from the brain via sensory…