Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Introduction of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors LeMone & Burke (2011) stated that in other to accurately discuss angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, it is very important to first of all briefly discuss about the three forms of angiotensin. Angiotensin I is produced by the action of renin on a protein called angiotensinogen, which is formed by the liver. Angiotensin I is then transformed into angiotensin II in the blood by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE. Angiotensin II therefore causes contraction of the muscle surrounding the blood vessels that leads to the narrowing of the vessels. When this process occurred (narrowing of the vessels) it causes the pressure within the vessels to increase which leads to hypertension, elevation of blood pressure.…

Renin secretion is stimulated by decreased blood volume, decreased renal perfusion, sodium and water depletion. Subsequently, renin promotes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II through the angiotensin converting enzyme. Due to angiotensin II being a potent vasoconstrictor, it also stimulates aldosterone secretion leading to sodium and water retention. The subsequent renal retention of sodium and water, coupled with an increase in…

creatinine clearance. So, control resulted in decrease in creatinine clearance. Urine Sodium Clearance 99.5% of sodium in filtrate is typically reabsorbed by the renal tubules (Sherwood, 2015, pp. 505). Sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle regardless of sodium load. Aldosterone is the main factor when kidneys determine the rate of sodium reabsorption. Aldosterone causes an increase in sodium reabsorption. Aldosterone is usually secreted by the adrenal cortex when…

well. Hypertension is often nicknamed the silent killer because there are usually no symptoms associated with it. Generally speaking it does not have symptoms however when blood pressure is very high it can cause headaches, dizziness, ringing in the ears, shortness of breath and nausea. One of the causes on systematic level is renal artery stenosis. This is the narrowing of the arteries that transport blood to the kidney. Since the arteries are narrowed they bring in less blood to the…

Enzymes speed up the rates of most biochemical reactions by helping reactants interact with each other. Since enzymes are highly specific for a specific reaction, they only catalyze one or a few types of reaction. One of important enzymes in human body and many other animals is amylase that hydrolyzes starch, a major part of human diet for many people in the world. There is a variety of amylase produced from many sources in our body such as salivary glands in the mouth, pancreas cells, and small…

Fermentation Rate in Different Sugars Abstract: This experiment is designed by students after studying the process of cellular respiration and fermentation. It demonstrates students’ understanding over the materials and utilization of the lab setting. In this experiment, the primary focus will on the speed of fermentation in different substances (sugars) in the same condition (temperature, volume, amount of yeast). Each solution will be mix with a fix amount of yeast and put in fermentation…

The purpose of conducting this experiment was to explore how different factors affect the reaction rate of enzymes reacting with their corresponding substrates in order to learn more about how enzymes function in different environments. The independent variables investigated in this experiment were the concentration of different substrates, the temperature of the environment, and the effect of a catalyst on the reaction rate. The dependent variable for all of the investigations was the time it…

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a homodimeric enzyme complex that is commonly found in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to all tissues of the human body. AP is a zinc metalloenzyme (1), in which metal ions play a key role in the regulation of catalytic activities and stabilization of enzyme-substrate complex. As proposed by Gettins and Coleman using NMR studies (10), each active site of AP comprises of three metal binding sites, which acknowledged as M1, M2, and M3. Two zinc ions bind to…

This bacteria had a positive catalase test meaning that it contains the enzyme catalase and was able to turn the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen and that this bacteria uses aerobic respiration. When plated on a mannitol/salt plate the bacteria was able to grow on the plate meaning that it has a resistance to high salt environment and live in environments that are high in salt, but had a negative fermentation result meaning that it was unable to ferment mannitol. Also, this bacteria was…

down into maltose, a disaccharide made of two glucose units. Further experimentations in 1833 found that an enzyme, later known as amylase, present in the…