Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Introduction of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors LeMone & Burke (2011) stated that in other to accurately discuss angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, it is very important to first of all briefly discuss about the three forms of angiotensin. Angiotensin I is produced by the action of renin on a protein called angiotensinogen, which is formed by the liver. Angiotensin I is then transformed into angiotensin II in the blood by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE. Angiotensin II therefore causes contraction of the muscle surrounding the blood vessels that leads to the narrowing of the vessels. When this process occurred (narrowing of the vessels) it causes the pressure within the vessels to increase which leads to hypertension, elevation of blood pressure.…

such as hypertension and heart failure They are drug of choice for treatment of hypertension especially if accompanied by high renin or severe renal damage ACE I is a class of drug which is mixed vasodilatation which leads to decreasing blood pressure and cardiac output as well as decreasing oxygen demand of the heart ACE I (angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors) acts by inhibiting (angiotensin converting enzymes) which causes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. It includes…

Renin secretion is stimulated by decreased blood volume, decreased renal perfusion, sodium and water depletion. Subsequently, renin promotes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II through the angiotensin converting enzyme. Due to angiotensin II being a potent vasoconstrictor, it also stimulates aldosterone secretion leading to sodium and water retention. The subsequent renal retention of sodium and water, coupled with an increase in…

Lisinopril Overview. Lisinopril is categorized as an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Lisinopril is most commonly utilized as an antihypertensive or in the treatment of congestive heart failure. This medication also has off-label use in the prophylactic treatment of migraines (Schuh‐Hofer et al., 2007, p. 703). Lisinopril is available as an oral tablet and its bioavailability is approximately 25%. Peak antihypertensive effects of lisinopril are reached at approximately six hours…

Finally, the last importance of congestive heart failure are treatments to help residents help maintain and ease the pain by understanding a healthy lifestyle. Through treatment plans with four different stages and in each one explains what is expected for the resident to follow by to help with having congestive heart failure. When a patient is diagnosing with STAGE ONE use a treatment of the patients to maintain regular exercising, to either to stop smoking or continue without starting to…

I. Ganoderma lucidum is especially used to prevent cancer, as it is known to fight cancer tumors. As mentioned in the article, “Ganoderma lucidum in cancer research,” the three anti-cancer proteins found in Ganoderma lucidum are triterpenes, polysaccharides, and immunomodulatory proteins. Ganoderma lucidum II. Ganoderma lucidum is also used to treat heart diseases such as hypertension due to high blood pressure. There are four proteins found in Ganoderma lucidum that contribute to the lowering…

renin- angiotensin system further initiates vasoconstriction in an attempt to increase cardiac output. (Hosehpud & Greenburg 2013). Cellulitis can be identified as a stressor to Betty. Cellulitis ‘is simply defined as an acute infection with inflammation of the skin involving the dermis and subcutaneous tissue’ as per Chambers (2013, pp. 1). The sympathetic nervous system and the inflammatory response within the human body are closely interrelated. Local inflammation caused at the site of…

The possible causes for this disorder can be due to an abnormalities in cardiac structure, function, rhythm or conduction. In developed countries, ventricular dysfunction is a frequent problem, which can be a result from myocardial infarction (systolic dysfunction), hypertension (diastolic and systolic dysfunction) or both (Krum and Abraham, 2009). For children, the various causes of congestive heart failure differ slightly to adults. This condition can develop due to volume and pressure…

increased circulating volumes and therefore increased blood pressures. In addition to the previously mentioned processes the efferent pathway also decreases renal blood flow and to increase perfusion the kidney triggers the afferent pathway that carries impulses to the SNS exacerbating sympathetic over activity and thereby maintaining the high blood pressures. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a major in orchestrating the maintenance of normal blood pressures and is activated by dual…

therapeutic level. Side effect of blocking beta2 causes bronchoconstriction, while blocking beta1 causes reduction of contractility and bradycardia. Use of specific medications within the class have varying side effects allowing use for those with asthma, COPD and dysrhythmias. Rare central nervous system effects include bizarre dreams, insomnia and depression. (Burcham & Rosenthal, 2016) HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) Statins are used to lower LDL cholesterol, elevate HDL…