Excretion

and sodium & creatinine concentrations were calculated and recorded for all condition. Urine Volume and Flow Rate Effects of different fluid conditions depending on the urine volume and flow rate were overserved and calculated. Osmoreceptors regulate the changes of flow rate and urine excretion. They are located within hypothalamus that near the vasopressin-secreting cells and thirst center, and detected the changes of water volume within ECF. Osmoreceptors also regulate the release of ADH. As ECF osmolarity increased, ADH secretion and thirst were both stimulated. ADH was secreted by the posterior pituitary and increased water reabsorption by inserting aquaporin 2 channels at the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubules. Urinary output was reduced and water was conserved. ECF volume and ECF osmolarity are the two factor to maintain fluid balance in the body. ECF volume is to maintain blood pressure while ECF osmolarity is to prevent swelling or shrinking or cells. Diuresis occurs when individual ingested too much water. Excessive water intake resulting increased in ECF volume and ADH was inhibited, which leads urine production increased. Diuresis also involved with increasing excretion of both water and solute caused by excess un-reabsorbed solute in the tubular fluid. A fall in ECF volume results in increased ADH release to conserve water and decrease urination (Sherwood, 2015; Davis, 1951) Besides osmoreceptors, low-pressure baroreceptors were another key player…

and Excretion In this lab we tested to see if respiration was a form of excretion. We were testing for the excretion of salt and water. When testing for the excretion of water, we placed a test strip in our palms/hands and closed them to a fist for 1-2 minutes. We then took a blue test strip of silver nitrate and placed it into a zip lock bag for our control. We would also take to additional blue strips and place one into a zip lock bag and begin respiration process of exhaling into the bag to…

How ADH Helps Regulate Water Reabsorption The kidneys are highly specialized organs that regulate water homeostasis in the human body. They are composed of functional units called the nephrons. Within the nephron, the majority of water homeostasis takes place in the collecting duct, as this component is responsible for water excretion (Sands & Layton 2017). The crucial hormone that is released in the collecting duct and is responsible for stimulating water retention is the antidiuretic…

The expected sodium versus actual sodium comparison in Figure 8, we saw that the actual sodium excretion of the control and hypotonic subject was greater than the expected sodium excretion, which was expected in the hypotonic subject due to the amount of fluid intake at the beginning of lab. The isotonic actual sodium excretion was a little below the expected sodium excretion due to the high fluid intake but low excretion of urine throughout the two-hour experiment. The alkalosis subject showed…

Venus’s penis, the woman’s bloody handkerchief. Both women are masturbating- Venus’s large hand and the woman’s finger in her vaginal opening. Both men is interacting with his female counterpart. Both men have a sea symbol- the anchor and the net. Next, Dali represents his connection to castration anxiety, as revealed in the couples in a subtle multiplication located in the images surging from the ‘lacerated body’, specifically the grasshopper, face and hand. The grasshopper represents his…

order, to maintain homeostasis of uric acid levels both regulation of purine metabolism and excretion of uric acid are important. Purine metabolism takes place in the liver and purines are broken down into the waste product known as uric acid. Purines are found in cells in the body and found in many foods that are consumed. Purines commonly found in DNA and RNA are adenosine and guanine (Gim Gee, Nair, & Saag, 2006, pg.1551). Additionally, purine metabolism allows for the synthesis of purines,…

There are few scholars that studying the major variety of taboo words and one of them is Chunming Gao. In his article entitled: A Sociolinguistic Study of English Taboo Language, he stated that the taboo language is made up from the taboo subjects that include, body functions about sex and excretion, private parts of the body, illness and death; words believed to be blasphemy; income, salary, age of ladies, etc. He then focus his study on the major types of the taboo languages that are bodily…

Respiratory acidosis (respiratory failure/ventilator failure) is an acid based disturbance characterized by abnormally high amounts of carbon dioxide gas dissolved in systemic arterial blood, above 45 mmHg (millimeter of mercury) and a deviation of pH away from the normal value of 7.4. The elevation in PCO2 has been never due to an increase in CO2 production. (Angus MD, 2006). Other causes include the presence of excessive carbon dioxide in inspired air (inhaled breath). Decreased alveolar…

Homeostasis can be best defined as, the physiological process by which the internal systems of the body are maintained at equilibrium despite variations in the external conditions. It comes from the word homeo-, which means the sameness, and stasis, that is, standing still. However, equilibrium is not an unchang-ing state, so this is not strictly true – it is a dynamic state of equilibrium causing a dynamic constancy of the internal envi-ronment. (D. J. Schnecl 1981). Our bones and teeth…

no intact drug being recovered in urine. ETD does not undergo significant first-pass metabolism following oral administration. In human, ETD is metabolized mainly to 5 metabolites; acyl glucuronides; 6-hydroxyetodolac; 7-hydroxyetodolac; 8-(1’ –hyroxyethyl)-etodolac; 4-ureido-etodolac. The metabolites further form glucuronide conjugates (Brittain et al, 2002). Distribution The mean apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) of ETD is approximately 390 ml/kg. ETD is more than 99% bound to plasma…