Renin

This would be considered a negative feedback loop because it is removing ions to reduce the effect of a stimulus. When the body is hypotensive, the kidneys produce an enzyme called renin. Renin catalyzes angiotensinogen which is further catalyzed into angiotensin I and again further catalyzed into angiotensin II. The renin-angiotensin system plays a huge role in the regulation of blood pressure because angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex which tells the body to produce aldosterone. The…

reduction in the hypertension. Canrenone is the active metabolite which is thought to play a significant part in exerting the pharmacological effects of the drug Spironolactone. There are numerous side effects of Spironolactone, and some people even found that it had the potential to cause certain types of cancers as well, hence as a result questioning its safety. There are also other adverse effects of Spironolactone which involve the issue of severe hyperkalaemia, especially when…

This system is known to be one of the longest systems of hormones, as it was discovered about 100 years ago. Renin is an enzyme protein in nature that flows through the kidneys while angiotensin is a hormone that circulates in the bloodstream and constricts the blood vessels. By causing a restriction in the blood vessels, this hormone can increase the blood pressure…

sympathetic nervous system and the renal renin-angiotensin system provide overall control, and cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance are the primary regulating factors. Baroreceptors within the carotid sinus an the aortic arch along with with chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata sense changes in the blood pressure and cause the vasomotor center to respond to those changes through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The renin-angiotensin system contributes…

Cushing’s or Subclinical Cushing’s Syndrome (SCS), catecholamines leading to pheochromocytoma, aldosterone resulting in primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), androgens leading to virilization of patients, and in very rare cases renin manifesting as secondary aldosteronism. Renin is a proteolytic enzyme that is synthesized by juxtaglomerular cells. Its release into the bloodstream can be triggered by sympathetic stimulus, decreased arterial blood pressure monitored via baroreceptors or…

Joanne’s body responds to hypovolemic shock by triggering the cardiovascular, renal, hematologic and neuroendocrine system for support. The Hematologic system responds to major blood loss by activating coagulation cascades and constricting the vessels that are currently bleeding by release of thromboxane A2 and platelets. What this does is form a colt on the bleeding site. Collagen is exposed by damaged vessels which cause fibrin production and stabilize the clots that have been formed. Usually…

Heart failure results in low cardiac output and inadequate filling of the arteries which causes the heart to be unable to pump enough blood to meet with tissue demand of oxygen and nutrients. Consequently, the neurohormonal system activates several feedback mechanisms. The baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that normally inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity are blunted in the patient who is experiencing heart failure. This results in high levels of circulating…

Chronic cardiac failure can be defined as ‘a clinical syndrome that develops in response to a cardiac injury or insult that causes decline in the pumping capacity (contractile function) of the heart’ (Lymperopolous et al. 2013). Betty has been experiencing chest pain, a decreased appetite and shortness of breath indicated by her oxygen saturation levels and increased respiratory rate. Additionally, she has bilateral peripheral pitting oedema and has had a cough. These are all signs and symptoms…

Primary diseases associated with secondary hypertension include disorders of the renal, endocrine, vascular, neurological disorders; pregnancy-induced hypertension, acute stress and drugs or other substances. Specific diseases or disorders include: renin-producing tumors, renal failure, acromegaly, hyperthyroidism, arteriosclerosis, pregnancy, elevated intracranial pressure, quadriplegia, surgery, burns over 9% or more of the body, alcohol withdrawal, oral contraceptives, antihistamines,…

epinephrine to bind to beta-adrenergic receptors of the heart to increase the heart rate, which will increase contractility and CO consequently (Conelius, 2014). The second mechanism is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism. If the kidneys sense that they are not receiving enough blood, they will release renin which is converted to angiotensin I by angiotensinogen and then angiotensin II an enzyme. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that will allow for an increase in preload, which…