Nucleophile

The purpose of the experiment was to form ketones by electrophilic aromatic substitution through a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of an aromatic compound. In the synthesized Friedel-Craft acylation reaction mechanism, the double bond on the nucleophile anisole (methoxybenzene) attacks the acetyl electrophile. The acetyl compound is then bound to the anisole in the para position, which created the product p-methoxyacetophenone. Since anisole is an activator (electron donor), the acetyl could…

the chemical processes that ester synthesis undergoes, and to know the optimum conditions needed for high yields. Esterification is a Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reaction wherein a carboxylic acid or a derivative of a carboxylic acid accepts a nucleophile which in turns substitutes for a leaving group. In esterification a leaving group connected to the carbonyl carbon is substituted by an alkoxide ion which forms the formula RCOOR’ which is an ester. For this particular experiment the…

In experiment 2, we observed that the reaction of halogenoalkanes with aqueous alkali and water which contains dissolved silver nitrate. Halogenoalkanes are alkanes which have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I) which are the elements in group 7 in periodic table. Halogenoalkanes have the general formula, RX, whereby R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is any of the halogen atom. Besides, halogenoalkanes…

The previous lab that was conducted dealt with oxidation, which is referred to as a compound gaining oxygen or losing electrons (Wyman, 2015). This week’s lab consisted of a reaction that was the opposite of an oxidation and it is known as a reduction reaction. To be more specific a reduction reaction is when the reactant that is present gains electrons, which is response lowers the overall formal charge of the compound. For instance, if there are two hydrogen ions and each one has a positive…

benzil was produced through the oxidation of an alpha-hydroxyketone to an alpha-diketone using nitric acid. Prior to the reaction of nitric acid and benzoin, nitric acid was protonated to form an oxonium ion. The hydroxyl group on benzoin acts as a nucleophile and attacks the positively charged nitrogen from the protonated nitric acid. This results in the removal of water from nitric acid and the formation of an organic nitrate. Water abstracts…

imine—stable because of its aromaticity. All imines are more weakly basic than saturated amines and pyridine is a weak base with a pKa of 5.5. This means that the pyridinium ion as about as strong an acid as a carboxylic acid. Pyridine is a reasonable nucleophile for carbonyl groups and is often used as a nucleophilic catalyst in acylation reactions. Esters are often made in pyridine solution from alcohols and acid chlorides (the full mechanism is on p. 000 of Chapter 12). Pyridine is…

Biotechnology and probiotic GOS (Galacto-oligo-saccharides) INTRODUCTION What are Prebiotics? Prebiotics are commonly defined as non- digestible polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. These prebiotics enhance the growth of beneficial bacteria like lactic acid bacteria in intestinal tract and also exert antagonistic property against some other species like salmonella sp. or E. coli. Some scientist also defined other properties of prebiotics; which includes resistance to gastric activity,…

Subsequently, the mesylated products (3a-b) were converted into corresponding azides (4a-b) using sodium azide as nucleophile and DMF as solvent at 50 oC. These azides (4a-b) were reacted with 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperidin-4-one (5) by click chemistry using standard protocols of sodium ascorbate and copper sulfate as catalyst and an equimolar ratio of water and t-butanol…

prepared nucleopeptide and oligonucleotide substrates, and performed the selection experiments. New DNA catalysts were not found, suggesting that 40-nucleotide-long DNA sequences do not have the capability to catalyze amide cleavage even with stronger nucleophiles and more electrophilic amide…

mechanism, the reaction rate is only dependant of the increase or decrease of the tertiary alkyl halide, Hence, the rate law for this reaction will be Rate = k [tBuCl], where the change in concentration of OH- will play no role other than being a nucleophile in the reaction. 3. Based on the experimental rate law, what substitution mechanism(s) do you think are happening in the solvolysis reaction of tBuCl? What substitution product(s) do you predict for this reaction (draw the reaction…