Nucleophile

When a hydrogen atom of an alkane is replaced by halogens, they become an alkyl halide compound which can also be called haloalkanes. There are two types of reaction within the alkyl halides. When another atom replaces the halide ion, the reaction becomes a substitution reaction, and when the halide ion leaves with another atom or ion, it becomes an elimination reaction (Weldegirma, 2015). The substitution reaction can be divided into either electrophilic substitution or nucleophilic…

The mechanism is nucleophilic addition-elimination, the lone pair on N of 4-aminophenol acts as a nucleophile. This nucleophile attacks a carbon in acetic anhydride, it takes one of the two acetyl groups in acetic anhydride. The resulting compounds are 1 mol paracetamol and 1 mol acetic acid as a by-product. Paracetamol is the main product that is selectively produced because –NH2 is a better nucleophile than –OH. This can be predicted from there pKa values, the amine is the stronger base, the…

In theory, two things are required for an SN2 reaction to proceed: a strong nucleophile (and by extension a good base), and a minimally substituted electrophile with a good leaving group attached. The reaction will proceed as shown in the mechanism below, with the nucleophile (Nu-) performing a backside attack on the minimally substituted electrophile (a generic methyl halide in this case), with the leaving group (halide LG)…

for the energy profile of an SN1 reaction. One easy way to recall is to remember that SN2 has 1 hump and SN1 has 2 humps. Example: SN2 Mechanism Involving Electrically Neutral Nucleophile Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution: SN1 Example: SN1 Mechanism Involving a Negatively Charged Nucleophile…

a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The carbonyl carbon in the carboxylic acid acts as an electrophile and the oxygen atom in the alcohol acts as a nucleophile. However, this nucleophile and electrophile are both too weak for the reaction to occur and adding heat fails to catalyze the reaction. One option would be to make the alcohol a stronger nucleophile by converting it to an oxide. However, this would make a carboxylate and regenerate the alcohol because of the acid-base reaction. Another…

react with nucleophiles there is a continuous competition whether the elimination or substitution reaction will occur. This mainly depends upon a certain factor which will determine what type of reaction will take place. Factors Responsible for favoring elimination/substitution Reactions are Nature of the substrate present in the reaction- Reaction will depend upon the type of haloalkane present (primary, secondary or tertiary). Size and strength of the base/nucleophile- If the nucleophile is…

normal chemical reactivity of a nucleophile can be switched to one of an electrophilic compound. Two common agents are cyanide and thiamine (Vitamin B). The mechanisms for both agents are the same. In this experiment, thiamine was used to turn benzaldehyde, an electrophile, into a nucleophile. This nucleophilic benzaldehyde then reacts with another molecule of benzaldehyde to make benzoin. This means that benzaldehyde is the source of the electrophile and nucleophile in this reaction. The two…

The purpose of the experiment was to examine the reactivity’s of several different substrates under SN2 reaction conditions. Discussion: All of the SN2 reaction mechanisms react the exact same way. The nucleophile sodium iodide attacks the delta positive alpha carbon forming an intermediate that has a partially formed C-I bond and a partially broken bond between carbon and the delta negative leaving group. The stereochemistry is inverted at the alpha carbon as the C-I bond fully forms. Then…

Alkaline phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis and transphosphorylation of phosphomonoesters (1). A kinetic reaction scheme of AP is presented in Figure 2. Figure 2: Kinetic reaction scheme of alkaline phosphatase (11). Under the hydrolysis reaction, free phosphate and an alcohol molecule are released from the active site. The rate-determining step of this reaction is pH dependent. Transphosphorylation has similar initiate steps as hydrolysis. However, phosphate cannot exit the active site,…

Carbonyl compounds undergo various types of reaction. In these reaction the carbonyl carbon or carbonyl oxygen is prone to attack generally by a nucleophile. Different types of carbonyl compounds undergo different types of reactions and the mechanisms of them are also different. The products or by-products or intermediate products of these reactions are very much useful in laboratory synthesis, industry etc. here we will discuss some very much important reactions which are very important for…