Nucleophile

1. Iodide proved to be the more reactive nucleophile in this reaction. This nucleophile was faster than Chloride, because on the periodic table, Iodine has a bigger atomic size, while Chlorine has the higher electronegativity, but size trumps electronegativity, as according to ARIO rules. This means that Iodine is more acidic than Chlorine, which means that in the reaction, the Iodide could displace the Bromine from the 1-bromooctane, because it has a bigger size, much faster than the Chloride,…

A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that wants to donate a pair of electrons. An electrophile is an atom or molecule that wants to accept a pair of electrons. In this reaction, the first thing that happens is the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen activates the carboxylic acid toward nucleophilic attack by alcohol, yielding a tetrahedral intermediate. The nucleophile in this reaction is H2SO4. The electrophile in this reaction is the…

to show the electrons in the double bond of the styrene abstracting the proton from the sulfuric acid, so the arrow would go from the double bond (nucleophile) pointing to a hydrogen of the sulfuric acid (electrophile). It is important to understand that the arrow will always go from the nucleophile to the electrophile. The electrons of the nucleophile will always attack the protons of the electrophile. A few students did the exact opposite, drawing the arrow from the hydrogen to the double…

formed in multiple ways. The most straightforward approach to producing and ester involves the interaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, where the oxygen of the alcohol would act as the nucleophile and the carboxylic acid takes the role of the electrophile. Alcohols are not great nucleophiles, while carboxylic acids can be classified as terrible electrophiles. This…

oxidation process, while the solution was being heated in the hot water bath.6 9-fluorenol is oxidized when the acetic acid transforms the hypochlorite into hypochlorous acid.6 A carbonyl is formed as a result of the hypochlorous acid acting as a nucleophile.6 The last TLC plate was used to identify and check the purity of my product by comparing Rf values.7 My TLC plate confirmed that my product was 9-fluor My percentage yield, however, was not successful. The calculated percentage was 207.2%…

Aromatic materials used in this reaction has high boiling point thus the reaction was heated carefully and gently to avoid burning and decomposition of other reagents. Byproduct such as E2 elimination seen often with good leaving groups and basic nucleophiles or rearranged products, expected with alternative mechanism were unable to observed by gas chromatography or H NMR. The initial alcohol was not chiral structure thus stereochemical analysis was not needed or necessary. Adding sodium bromide…

acidic conditions, the reaction yields a Markovnikov alcohol. The mechanism includes the formation of a carbocation intermediate, which has a lower activation energy when it is formed on the more substituted or resonance stabilized carbon. The nucleophile then attaches to the positive charge created by the carbocation, yielding the Markovnikov product. However, if the reaction is carried out via hydroboration (with diborane or…

This experiment was performed in order to demonstrate the principles of nitration through electrophilic aromatic substitution. It also examined the effects of bromine on an aromatic ring, ortho-para vs. meso directing. The second experiment was performed to compare the reaction rates of electrophilic aromatic bromination with different arenes. Data and Results In the gas chromatogram, there are two large peaks. The first peak at 0.653 minutes with an area of 133,352 uV per second, 31.95% of…

Proteins are complex molecules that serve a variety of functions within the body. Proteins are made up of subunits called amino acids. There are several different types of amino acids such as lysine, aspartic acid, and histidine. Each type of amino acids have their own specific group called R-groups attached to them, this causes them to behave chemically different. The group on the amino acid histidine cause the amino acid to be basic; this feature of histidine makes it have a specific purpose…

Solventless Reactions: The Aldol Reaction CH204-01 Fadwa Mekkaoui Introduction: An aldol reaction is the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond by the addition of a nucleophile to an electron deficient carbon. The reaction is favorable in Green Chemistry. It demonstrates green principles such as using no solvent and having a high atom economy. In the lab a mixed aldol reaction was performed to synthesize an unsaturated ketone from and aldehyde and ketone. By using an aldehyde, that doesn’t…