Nucleophile

Phenacetin. During the synthesis of Phenacetin from Acetaminophen, several chemical compounds had to be added to Acetaminophen. The first chemical compound that was added to Acetaminophen was Sodium Hydroxide. Since Sodium Hydroxide contains the strong nucleophile OH-, that…

More conjugated compounds absorb higher wavelengths/lower energies because as the wavelength increases the HOMO/LUMO gap (ΔE) decreases which is due to the compression of multiple molecular orbitals (ψ). According to Klein, the Ketchup stain (lycopene) on a shirt and upon application of bleach (NaClO), it breaks lycopene’s conjugation, therefore causing a decrease in conjugation; which directly correlates to the stain no longer being visible to the eye but when illuminating the shirt with…

elevated trypsin activity. Figure 1: Structure of Trypsin-1. Retrieved from the Protein Data Bank. Figure 1: Structure of the catalytic triad. Residues D63, H107 and S200 as shown. Arrows represent the flow of charge that increases the serine’s nucleophile behaviour. James Gatenby SID:310255511 2. Examination of Sequence…

According to R.A Aitken, “An asymmetric synthesis may be defined as a synthesis in which an achiral unit is an ensemble of substrate molecules is converted to a chiral unit such that the possible stereoisomers are formed in unequal amounts.” It relates to any synthetic process that incorporates one or more new elements of chirality during a functional group transformation. Asymmetric synthesis involves the formation of chiral molecules. An object is said to be chiral, if it cannot be…

oxygen atom of a carbonyl group of salicylic acid. 2. What would happen if the sulfuric acid were left out? Removal of catalytic acid from the reaction would slow down or not proceed at all because the phenol group on salicylic acid is not strong nucleophile. And it requires an acid substrate to activate the reaction. 4. What is the equation for the decomposition reaction that can occur with aspirin? 6. A student performed the…

and sensitivity to Mg+2. The optimum pH for FMO is 8.4 and 7.4 to 7.6 for CYP450. Octylamine is the activating agent for FMO and alpha-naphthoflavone for CYP450. FMO is unstable above 40oC, whereas CYP450 is stable up to 60oC. FMO oxygenates soft nucleophiles including: sulfur, nitrogen, or phosphorous heteroatoms, while CYP450 oxidizes these molecules in addition to C-H abstraction. When comparing sensitivity to Mg+2, FMO is inhibited, while CYP450 is stimulated. CYP450 enzyme has a heme iron…

p-tolyl ether by using a modified form of the Williamson Ether method. The modified form used is called Phase Transfer Catalysis. The p-cresol was deprotonated by NaOH. The addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide provides the necessary help that the nucleophile needed to get into the organic phase in order to react with the electrophile. The reaction would have proceeded without this addition although it would have been a very slow reaction. This is because the addition of tetrabutylammonium…

Green chemistry principles were applied to multi-step synthesis reactions; these reactions included the bromination of trans-diphenylethylene, bromination of ethyl trans-cinnamate, and debromination of 1, 2-dibromo-1, 2-diphenylethane. These reactions featured a reflux set-up, which allowed the reactions to occur at higher temperatures and aided in the prevention of the evaporation of the solvent and the loss of product thereby increasing the efficiency of the reactions. Furthermore, the…

regiospecific manner. Observing their many attempts to produce the desired product and good yields gave a picture as to what was the recipe/requirement for this reaction to take place. All successful reactions had electron donating group on aromatic nucleophile, ideal reaction temperature was -40 degrees Celsius and meta substituted compounds provided higher yields. Also products that were considered to be a single isomer were due to regioselectivity which corresponded to their starting…

mammalian models; such as, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. As a result, redox homeostasis has been a key point of interest in current research. Redox homeostasis is the balance between electrophiles and nucleophiles in a system, more importantly in a biological system. These electrophiles and nucleophiles play an important role in maintaining redox homeostasis, they are also a component in signal modulations and cellular transduction in an organism; as such, upsetting this fine balance between…