Neurodegeneration

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living world (Makin and Serpell, 2005). A host of studies over amyloids, which are involved in various human diseases have made us more familiar with these species of proteins, causing an array of pathological conditions ranging from diabetes to neurodegeneration (Jimenez et al., 2002; Malinchik et al., 1998; Perutz et al., 2002). In Figure 1, we have tried to mark major achievements in the field of amyloids, over the time. Based on years of research, scientists are now able to deduce and define…

Since its publication, there has been controversy regarding the amyloid cascade hypothesis, questioning its validity and whether or not Aβ accumulation is the primary event that causes AD. The amyloid cascade hypothesis clearly states that Aβ deposition triggers the formation of NFTs (Hardy and Higgins, 1992). The topographical distribution of Aβ plaques and NFTs in both FAD and SAD show a poor correlation where there is evidence to suggest that Aβ aggregation is not sufficient to cause NFTs.…

This repeat causes protein mis-folding and accumulation within neuronal cells. Repeats of at least 36 have been shown to cause HD or HD-like symptoms within patients [3]. This accumulation is known to be toxic and induces neurodegeneration, specifically of trigeminal motor neurons located within the cortex. This degeneration over time can eventually cause physical and psychiatric deficits. The typical signs and symptoms of HD consist of motor, cognitive and psychiatric dysfunctions…

I sat in the dim lit laboratory waiting for the computer monitor to display the chromatogram of the sample that I had injected into the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). I knew the peak chromatogram should come at the thirteenth minute, and if it did, the ophthalmic formulation which had become an axial part of my life over the past many months will have an added chance to become a drug product of the future. Or of course, I might just get a flat line or a confusing mix of…

have any effect on AD: The main mechanistic theory of AD is the amyloid hypothesis, according to which an imbalance in the production or clearance of the Aβ peptide results in accumulation of Aβ and initiation of a cascade of events leading to neurodegeneration and dementia77. This hypothesis has undergone an evolution, from one that was initially focused on the role of hard plaque in the development of disease and the removal of this plaque as the goal for disease-modifying drug development,…

Lafora disease is a rare, inevitably fatal, autosomal recessive, progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Being autosomal recessive, the disease is most commonly seen in communities that practice consanguinity. The onset of the disease occurs within the first two decades of life, with an average life span of 10 years following diagnosis (Monaghan & Delanty, 2010). Lafora disease is characterized by myoclonic and tonic-clonic seizures and neurological dysfunction, such as dementia (Monaghan & Delanty,…

affecting movement. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter concentrated in the substania nigra, part of the basal ganglia, and is important in controlling smooth, coordinated movement. When dopamine-producing cells die or fail to produce enough dopamine neurodegeneration occurs and Parkinson’s symptoms begin to appear. When the brain loses dopamine cells, dopamine and acetylcholine are put out of balance and cholinergic receptors become excited; this produces tremors and muscle rigidity. The cause…

causes your body to break down as your central nervous system (CNS) begins to degenerate over time. This ill-fated reality is the result of the chronic disease Multiple sclerosis (MS). Which is an autoimmune disease that causes irreversible neurodegeneration damage to the CNS (1). MS translates to multiple scars which are caused from the demyelinating disease of the CNS (2). The myelin that surround the axon of neurons are a protective layer called a sheath. The sheath is responsible for…

by dual phosphorylation of threonine and tyrosine motifs within the sub-domain VIII of activation loop. Once activated, they translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate target transcription factors, such as c-Jun. JNK involved in apoptosis, neurodegeneration, cell differentiation, proliferation and inflammatory conditions [50]. Won et al. (2004) showed that PN inhibited JNK activation and led to UVB-induced apoptosis of JB6 murine epidermal cells [51]. But Zhang et al. (2004) demonstrated…