Neurodegeneration

CHAPTER 2 – ANIMAL MODELS 5. Animal models: 5.a. Neurotoxic Models: 5.a.1. 6- Hydroxydopamine model: One of the most frequently used toxin-based animal model is 6-OHDA. It was first isolated in 1950. It is frequently used in rats. It shows affinity for catecholaminergic transporter. For example, norepinephrine transporter and dopamine transporter. Though the structure of 6-OHDA is similar to dopamine but the existence of excess amount of hydroxyl group makes it toxic to dopaminergic neurons.…

Molecular chaperones are the major chaperone group and are also called heat shock proteins (HSPs). They are highly conserved proteins, meaning that they have remained unchanged for a long time in different species. The expression of the HSPs is increased by stress conditions like, for instance, increased temperature. There are several chaperone families that are classified based on their molecular weight. This essay will concentrate on HSP70, HSP90, HSP60 and HSP100, but there are some other…

or nuclear interactions happened in the eye. What is more frightening, the brains can also be a target of the damage. Animal experiments show that HZE ions can affect the brain and the central nervous system, resulting in effects including neurodegeneration, altered motor function or performance, late degradation of DNA, accelerated striatal aging, and altered dopamine function [3]. Cells reproduction is a process of copying and expressing information in the DNA, and for cells don’t copy…

“Yuck! I’d Rather not eat today, that lunch looks disgusting,” is something too often heard from the typical teenage student these days. Food, Food, Food! Kids today are choosing to go hungry at school and barely managing to push through the day. They struggle to keep up with the fast-paced learning rates on an empty stomach. School lunches play a big part of children 's everyday life, from kindergarten to the twelfth grade, two meals a day are consumed at his/her school. We are seeing that now…

Neurodegenerative diseases are distinguished by progressive neuronal cell loss with clear patterns in disparate disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson and Huntington’s. They are responsible for around 4% of fatalities worldwide and 5% of disability-adjusted life years from a non-communicable disease (NCD). Neurodegenerative disorders are not only caused by genetics but protein misfolding disorders and protein degradation by the proteasome system. These disorders continue to increase as well as…

Strong evidence suggests an association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and insulin resistance [95]. De la Monte is one of the leaders who proposed the concept of Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus (T3DM) or brain insulin resistance based on experimental studies which demonstrated that brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer patients can be identified as type 3 diabetes (T3DM) [95, 96]. T3DM (brain insulin resistance) has molecular and biochemical features that overlap with both type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and…

emergence chronotypes in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster." Journal of biological rhythms (2014): 0748730414553797. Prüßing, Katja, Aaron Voigt, and Jörg B. Schulz. "Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for Alzheimer’s disease." Molecular neurodegeneration 8.1 (2013):…

researchers showed that Noradrenaline is an arousing hormone known to control cell volume. (NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. "Brain may flush out toxins during sleep; Sleep clears brain of molecules associated with neurodegeneration: Study." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131017144636.htm (accessed July 2, 2017). In other words, Noradrenaline is what causes the action of “the incredible shrinking fat cell.” It signals the body to start using…

Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and is the leading cause of dementia in late adult life. In 2015, 5.3 million Americans were diagnosed with AD, 5.1 million of whom were above the age of 65. AD is characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive function, and is associated with the accumulation of amyloid-B (AB) protein and hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. Although the exact pathogenesis of AD is still uncertain, several hypotheses have been proposed to…

IV. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Another major facet of sports-related concussions is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) as it’s considered to be a gradual neurodegeneration due to repeated mTBI (Gavett et al., 2011). Since there are many high-contact sports (such as football, hockey, boxing, etc.) as well as high chances of accidental injury in non-contact sports – repeated head injuries are very common (Gavett et al., 2011). This is another reason sports-related concussions…