Carbidopa

Parlodel May cause dizziness, may impair ability to drive; avoid alcohol; do not discontinue with medical supervision; take with food Dopamine Synthese Levodopa-Carbidopa Sinemet, Sinemet CR Avoid iron supplements with 2 hours of dose; swallow whole (sustained release formulas Anticholinergics Benztropine Trihexyphenidyl Procyclidine Cogentin generics generics May cause drowsiness, may impair ability to drive; avoid alcohol; maintain adequate hydration; do not discontinue with medical supervision COMT Inhibitors (Catechol-O-methyltransferase) Entacapone Tolcapone Comtan Tasmar May discolour urine; do not discontinue without medical supervision Out of these five classes of drugs the most commonly used drug is levodopa-carbidopa. Levodopa is a prodrug that is converted into dopamine in the brain. Dopamine does not cross the blood brain barrier and is completely metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract and therefore cannot be administered to treat Parkinson’s disease on it’s own. Carbidopa is added because it inhibits the metabolism of levodopa and therefore increases the bioavailability of the drug. When levodopa is administered dopamine levels increase; this restores the dopamine and acetylcholine balance and relieves motor symptoms. Unfortunately, as the disease progresses levodopa-carbidopa may become less effective due to a desensitization of dopamine receptors.…

Client Profile Mr. Ali is a 62 years old male, is a retired former champion boxer. He was involved in over 60 fights and suffered from multiple head injuries during his 22 year boxing career. Three years ago Mr. Ali saw his primary health care provider because he was having difficulty writing because of rhythmic shaking in right hand when relaxed in resting position. The doctor refer him to an inpatient clinic for further testing but he ignored his efforts. Mr. Ali lives alone, and his daughter…

Parkinson’s disease is defined as a, “progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement” (Huether & McCance, 2012). Parkinson’s can be further divided among two categories, which include primary and secondary. Primary Parkinson’s is more common among men and usually is seen to begin after 40 years of age with an increasing risk after 60 years of age. The cause of primary Parkinson’s is still unknown, but several genes have been identified as contributing factors in addition to…

different types of treatments offered, how to keep the body healthy, and the different foundations and groups that can help provide needed support. Different Types of Treatments As with many diseases and illnesses, the first topic of discussion is treatment options. While there are many trials for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease, there are only a few known medications successful in the delaying of symptoms. One of these medications is a dopamine substitute called levodopa paired with an…

symptoms. Treatment Unfortunately, with Parkinson’s Disease, there is no specific treatment that can completely cure the disease. Increasing the dopamine levels in a person with Parkinson’s Disease could help cure the disease, “unfortunately, one cannot take dopamine orally as it does not cross the blood brain barrier” (Kassicieh, 2001), so, that cannot be an option. In recent years, there have been treatments such as carbidopa-levodopa that could potentially help with Parkinson’s.…

after the initial diagnosis” (“Parkinson 's Disease Backgrounder”). There are multiple ways to go about for treatment for Parkinson’s. A treatment that is used is “Vitamin E, selegiline, and coenzyme Q10 [and] have been studied as potential neuroprotective agents to slow down disease progression” (Samii, Nutt, and Ransom). Even though the Vitamin E, and selegiline has not worked, each of these possibilities has been tried on patients with this disease. On the other hand, the coenzyme Q10 needs…

worse, patients can get get depression, gastrointestinal problems, problems with urination, difficulty chewing and swallowing food, memory loss, hallucinations, and dementia. As the disease continues to progress, regular checkups at the doctor are recommended, and patients are encouraged to join the support groups that are available for PD, to help them cope with their disease. During the later stages of the disease, an assistant is usually needed to help the patient. Unfortunately, PD…

tasks and need the support of another person to help with walking, sitting, and eating. Specialists do not know why this syndrome causes its victims to be self-harming, but that seems to be one of the symptoms of this disease. Hitting their head on inanimate objects and biting off lips, hands, cheeks, and fingers are the major self-harming problems they deal with. This particular syndrome does not have any treatment; however, there are a few ways to help the people that do have it. There is a…

With everything that has happened in Maureen’s life she is still able to be strong and be supportive for her dad. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, “ Parkinson’s disease (PD) belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders, which are the results of the loss of dopamine- producing brain cells” (NINDS). A person who is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease tends to shake a lot and can often lose balance of movement and how their body functions…

of structure or function of neurons in the body. Education, exercise, nutrition, and support services are examples of nonpharmacologic therapies. Exercising vigorously for 30 minutes at least three times a week makes is less likely to develop Parkinson or it’ll slow progression of Parkinson (Fernandez 2012). Pharmacologic therapy is used whenever the patient is functionally impaired. The drugs used will either boost levels of dopamine in the brain or they will mimic the effect of dopamine in the…