Amperometric titration

I sat in the dim lit laboratory waiting for the computer monitor to display the chromatogram of the sample that I had injected into the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). I knew the peak chromatogram should come at the thirteenth minute, and if it did, the ophthalmic formulation which had become an axial part of my life over the past many months will have an added chance to become a drug product of the future. Or of course, I might just get a flat line or a confusing mix of multiple peaks, and it will just be one of many setback's that I have had to overcome since taking on the project, the project on developing an ophthalmic drug delivery system for a phytochemical. My thoughts swung back and forth, with HPLC as my only company in the otherwise empty lab. I reflected on my first few days in the pharmaceutical industry, when I was a fresh graduate student, with very limited knowledge of the drug discovery processes. I had to work harder than my peers who had a pharmacy degree, to understand the concepts of drug action, drug delivery and the many other principles of pharmaceutics. I went over the time when I stayed back late to refer journals and books for the projects I was working on. I could recollect my manager selecting me to work on the ophthalmic formulation and setting a goal: to achieve increased bioavailablity of the active ingredient and sustained drug release. My mind went over the weeks of meticulous work, and rework, the happiness in reaching…

The point of equivalence is the point where the acids and bases have been added equally. The change from colorless to pink represents the end point of the reaction, indicating that the concentration of the acid can be measured. The point of equivalence will result at a pH of seven in the titration of sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. Aim: The aim of the experiment is to find the unknown concentrations of the acids (Sulfuric and Hydrochloric) with the use of titration,…

weight of the protein for efficiency. In addition, the N-terminus and C-terminus, if unmodified, may also make a contribution to the charge of the protein and thus the isoelectric point. DTASelect’s pI calculator simply assumes that the termini are unmodified, but N-terminal acetylation is fairly common and could affect a protein’s observed pI. The most common way to propose pH values at which the protein’s charge is calculated is to loop through a wide range of pH values in small steps. For each…

the product was washed several times with deionised water to remove the remaining sodium chloride and excess of epichlorohydrin was evaporated and vacuum to give solid product. It is soluble in C6H6, CHCl3 and CH3COCH3. Yield: 84-90%.[22-25] Synthesis of p-Methoxy-3-[p-(1-{p-[2-Hydroxy-3 (Vinylcarbonyloxy)Propoxy] Phenyl}-1-{p-Methoxyphenyl)Ethyl)Phenoxy]Propyl Acrylate (MHPA) A 500 mL round-bottomed five necked flask containing 0.1 mol of MHPA, thermometer,mechanical stirrer, funnel and reflux…

INTRODUCTION 1.1What is an acid-base titration? An acid –base titration is the determination of the concentration of an acid or base by neutralizing the acid or base with an acid or base of known concentration. An acid-base titration is the analysis of the concentration of acids and bases; through this process an acid or base of known concentration neutralizes an acid or base of unknown concentration. The neutralization of an acid or base in acid-base titration can be measured with either a…

Background : Stoichiometry is the relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction or forming a compound, typically a ratio of whole integers. In the lab that I did with my group we used stoichiometry to find out the decomposition of sodium biocarbonate. Sodium carbonate is just another name for baking soda, and that is what we used on our lab. Baking soda is also used in some food items, such as pancakes, waffles etc… When the baking soda is being heated…

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to prepare and standardize a sodium hydroxide solution as well as determine the molar concentration in as strong acid and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar. We used volumetric analysis, also known as titration, in both experiments. The average molar concentration for NaOH was 0.2749 mol/L while the average molar concentration of the acid solution was .2493 mol/L.The average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was found to be 12.3 %…

Part one Make a 3 list of chemical safety hazards? The three chemical safety hazards are: Poison Toxic Corrosive Reactive Environmental hazards 2. What is Amalgam? Amalgam is mixture of metals of mercury with another metal and other metal. Almost all metal can be an amalgam with a form of mercury. 3. If you had to train someone on how to separate the mercury from the amalgam, what training would they need? WHY? If I had to train someone on how to separate the mercury…

Jessica Grandier Bio 204 section 201 Case Study 1a What are the normal values for PH, Erythrocyte count, Leucocyte count, Platelet count. ( 1 point each) The normal values for PH are 7.35-7.45, the normal erythrocyte count for males is 4.7 - 6.1*10^6 /ul million and for women it is 4.2 -5.4*10^6/ ul million, Leucocyte count is 4,800-10,00 mmm^3 of blood and normal platelet count is 150,00-450,00 platelet for microliters. 1b What are the terms used for increase and decrease in…

Effect of Organic Solvents on Particle Size When anti solvent was 0.4% (w/v) F68 aqueous solution, the effect of various good solvent was investigated. These organic solvents include ethanol, methanol, PEG 400, propylene glycol. The result as mention in Table 16 & Figure 27 showed that the particles prepared by methanol were the smallest (317 nm) among other organic solvents. Ethanol, PEG 400, and propylene glycol produced the particles having the mean particle size of 525nm, 1274nm, 864nm,…