Muscle atrophy

the areas of performance, injury prevention, body composition, self-image, lifetime muscle and bone health, and metabolic health. Most important, greater muscular strength and endurance reduce the risk of premature death (Reuter 101). Muscular performance can be broken down into two components, strength and endurance. “Muscle strength is the ability to exert a maximal amount of force for a short period of time. Muscle endurance is the ability to do something over and over for an extended period…

sub-acromial/suprahumeral area are compacted together. Compression can initiate painful friction, stress and mechanical wear on the shoulder. Classic signs and symptoms include pain when flexing or abducting the shoulder above 80 degrees and weakness in the shoulder muscles, which are often detected when the patient is given the Hawkins-Kennedy and Neer impingement tests. This impingement disorder mostly stems from athletes and individuals whose jobs require constant overhead lifting, but can…

degeneration of axons, it will lead to changes in sensory function, resulting in decreased sensation or impaired vibration senses. In addition, changes to motor function resulting in muscle atrophy, decreased reflexes, abnormal stress to joints, and difficulty walking on toes. The most severe manifestation of motor function is muscle weakness because it can progress to total motor paralysis and death from respiratory failure (Kuwabara, 2004). Furthermore, changes to autonomic functions,…

My choice for a genetic disorder is Spinal Muscular Atrophy also known as SMA. SMA is an inherited or genetic disorder that affects spinal motor neurons. Without these properly functioning neurons, patients have increased muscle weakness. In some severe cases patients will lose the ability to breath or swallow on their own. According to the National Human Genome Research Center, 1 in 6,000 to 1 in 10,000 people are affected by SMA. There are three forms of SMA affecting children before the age…

Being a biarticular muscle group it may be stretched to extremes. When hamstring tears occur during kicking, either slow or fast movement, it involves concurrent hip flexion and knee extension. At deceleration, these muscles will contract, while being promptly lengthened. Therefore, they are performing eccentric contractions (Garrett et al, 1990.). It is well established that repeated eccentric contractions have the potential to damage muscle fibres (Armstrong et al,…

Due to muscle weaknesses in the involved muscles of the ankle, it can lead to instability of the ankle joint. Isakov & Mizrahi (1997) did a study that looked at the possibility of if these muscle weaknesses and joint instabilities can lead to a balance problem. They broke apart two different theories, the functional instability theory and the mechanical…

1. Describe the following cellular adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia), and metaplasia. Atrophy is when a cell adapts due to decreased trophic influences, the cell function is decreased and nutrition is decreased, this process decreases the cell size because it looses its subcellular organelles and substances often causing organs to decrease in size and function. Hypertrophy is the opposite of atrophy and causes the cells to enlarge and therefore…

Weber-Carstens et al. (2010, p. 1) reported that diagnosis of CIM is made either clinical evidence of muscle weakness after removal of sedation as characterized by weak and flaccid extremities, in addition, electromyography (EMG) and muscle biopsy can be performed to distinguish between the different types of ICU-acquired weakness. John and Bapat (2015, p. 157) believed that EMG and muscle biopsy is impractical to perform in the ICU; therefore, he asserted that clinical diagnosis…

There are about 700 types of muscles within the human body that aid the body with movement while a few also helps with stabilizing the bones (Allen and Harper 2014). Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are the three types of muscular tissues found within the body (Tortora and Derrickson 2014). The heart is made out of cardiac muscle tissue and that is striated (Tortora and Derrickson 2014). The walls of the hollow organs of the human body are made with smooth muscle tissues that are non-striated…

Muscle can be damaged whether it be from sports injuries or other accidents. When this muscle damage occurs, the body responds accordingly in order to regenerate this lost or injured muscle. There are three main steps that are necessary in order for this renewal to occur. These steps include inflammation, revascularization/satellite cell differentiation, and innervation. (Grounds, 2011) This paper will discuss the mechanisms the body uses in order to form regenerated skeletal muscle. Muscle…