Muscle atrophy

On examination, there is significant wasting of muscles in the shoulders, upper arms, and hips. There is significant weakness on muscle testing (i.e., the patient is unable to exert a normal force with muscle contraction). On tapping the knee tendon there is a contraction of the quadriceps muscle in the leg, and on tapping the biceps tendon there is a contraction of the biceps muscle in the arm. No fasciculations are noted. There is normal muscle tone detected by passive movement…

Introduction For this essay, I plan to discuss the use of exoskeletons as a part of the physiotherapy management for adults with multilevel spinal cord injuries. Fisahn et al (2016) states that “exoskeletons are motorized orthoses placed over a person's limb with joint parts corresponding to those of the human body.” And that “their purpose is to facilitate standing and walking, as well as assist in rehabilitation” (Fisahn et al. 2016). According to the WHO (2017) a spinal cord injury (SCI) is…

Tunnel Syndrome The musculoskeletal system is the structure that provides a person the ability to move. Repetitive stress injuries, overuse and many more can cause disorders, Muscu-loskeletal Disorders or MSDs. Musculoskeletal disorders affect the muscles, bones lig-aments, and tendons. There are various reasons that contribute to MSDs. Carpal Tun-nel Syndrome is one the most frequent musculoskeletal disorder. It may interfere with hand strength and sensation, which can cause a decrease in hand…

About the Golden Retriever The Golden Retriever is a sturdy, muscular dog of medium size, famous for the dense, lustrous coat of gold that gives the breed its name. The broad head, with its friendly and intelligent eyes, short ears, and straight muzzle, is a breed hallmark. In motion, Goldens move with a smooth, powerful gait, and the feathery tail is carried, as breed fanciers say, with a "merry action." The most complete records of the development of the Golden Retriever are included in the…

tibial, and peroneal nerves involves testing how well and quickly a nerve can send electrical signals to begin contraction of skeletal muscles. The first step in muscle contraction is excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber by a nerve signal. The nerve signal must be sent to the neuromuscular junction to open the voltage-gated calcium channels. Just like in a muscle fiber, the neuron must reach threshold potential before the action potentials can be propagated down the neuron. After the threshold…

that increasing stimulus strength will increase the force generated by the gastrocnemius muscle and visa versa till 0.2V, where the force germinated starts to decrease. As shown in Table 2 and Figure 2, the strength of the stimulus started from 0.00 V to 1.00V with 0.05 V and 0.10V intervals. At 0.10V the force generated by the muscle increases rapidly from 0mN to 288.33mN. The force generated by the muscle continues to increase to 699.99mN at 0.15V until the stimulus strength reaches 0.2V.…

pig and its muscle structure, researchers and individuals are able to gain a better understanding of what human muscles look like, where they are located, and how they function. The muscles that were labeled in the dissection are important factors in the movement of the individual. The muscles work together though antagonism. Antagonism works when one muscle, such as the extensor carpi radialis contracts, and the flexor carpi radialis relaxes, allowing the hand to extend. These muscles are…

investigates muscle energy techniques (MET) and its respective structural components. It highlights biomechanical mechanisms and physiological effects in relation to MET stretching. To further explore the subject, relevant studies are presented and reflected upon, contributing with a final overview on the subject as a whole. MET biomechanical and physiological mechanisms Muscle energy techniques most significant body structural components include Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) and muscle…

Case Study: Hereditary Canine Spinal Muscular Atrophy Genetic Background Hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA) is proven to be an autosomal-dominate disease that affects most noticeably the Brittany spaniel (Pinter MJ, Waldeck RF, Wallace N, & Cork LC, Motor Unit Behavior in Canine Motor Neuron Disease, 1995). HCSMA originated as a spontaneous mutation in the Survivor Motor Neutron gene found in the purebred Brittany spaniel population (Ericsson. A & Rubin. C, 2012). Due to the…

includes progressive muscle weakening caused by an insufficient gene for the production of a protein in the muscles called dystrophin. (Lucas-Heron, 1995) It affects about one in 3600-6000 live male births, making it the most common form of muscular dystrophy. Symptoms are most often noticeable by the time patients reach the age of three to five. The affected males will lose their ability to walk by eight to twelve years of age, making them wheelchair dependent. This disorder affects muscle…