Bone

Approximately 2% of Canadians sustain a bone fracture every year. The majority of these fractures heal well; however, about 5 to 10% of fractures develop delayed or incomplete healing requiring additional medical intervention. While we understand some of the mechanisms controlling bone healing, an improved and in-depth understanding of the precise molecular as well as cellular mechanisms involved in correct bone formation during fracture healing is of great importance. The processes that occur during bone healing recapitulate many of the steps involved in normal embryonic bone development [1, 5]. The cascade of synchronized cellular events involve three phases: 1) the inflammatory phase involving hematoma formation at the fracture site…

living creature has gone through ossification, or in other words bone formation. A different word that is also used interchangeably with ossification is osteogenesis. These words mean the beginning of bone formation (Marieb & Hoenh, 2016, p.183). From the placenta the human body begins to prepare bone tissues for the future of its development. The normal bone goes through a long process of construction. Once a child is born its bones start forming and growing until early adulthood this is called…

functions of the limbs of each of the animals illustrated the same or different? The functions of the limbs of each of the animals are all different because each animal has adapted to their own environment which result in various adaptations. Even humans, whales, crocodiles, cats, birds, and bats all differ drastically on the biological spectrum, they share many of the same bones and limbs. For example, using the human as a comparison, the other animals also share some semblance of having a…

Bone is a common site of metastases for many primarily malignant tumors, being the third location after liver and lung [5]. Bone metastases are a major clinical concern as they can deteriorate the bone structure causing pathological fractures, vertebral/spinal instability, severe pain, spinal cord compression, functional impairment and increased mortality. The vertebral column being the most frequent site of bone metastasis and one of the major organs in human body strongly correlated to neural…

Bone pathology involves understanding the causes and effects of bone diseases. Bones undergo a continual process of breakdown and renewal to maintain maximum bone strength. Healthy bones provide support and durability. Skeletal diseases of bone are often contributed to the severities of low bone density, mass, or deterred bone tissue. Osteoporosis is one of many bone diseases. Osteoporosis occurs when the formation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the elimination of old bone. It’s a…

million Americans are diagnosed with this disease. Osteoporosis is a bone disease that cutbacks bone mass. The bones become very brittle and frail and are unable to support your weight and usually fracture. The bones that are most likely to fracture are your hips, spine, wrist, shoulder and hip. The bones could become so weak that even if you were to cough or bend over they would fracture. As you grow your bones make new bone and get rid of old bone. When your body, at a young age, makes new…

Abstract Due to oxytocin’s impact on bone restoration in maternal skeletons, it has been discovered that the same concept is not limited to pregnant women. Research has led scientists to believe that there is a wide range of uses for the oxytocin hormone with their role being heavily relied on by the aid of bone metabolism in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis results in a decrease of bone metabolism from a decrease in bone density and bone mass. Numerous studies have suggested that a link between…

key on how to repair human bones, according to the researchers at the University of California San Diego and the University of Texas. The study also discovered a specific gene that may initiate biomineralization in human stem cells. Initiating biomineralization can activate bone formation which leads to bone regeneration or osteoregeneration. Biomineralization is a biological process which allows an organism to produce minerals. These minerals are often used by an organism to harden or stiffen…

Small cracks, cavities, and notches in perfect material can dramatically reduce the tensile strength by producing stress concentration around them [ref]. We believe that in mammalian connective bone tissues, canaliculi, osteocyte lacunae, blood vessels and muscle insertions produce stress concentration to delay the progressive spread of minute cracks. Often times the cracks that are running against lacunae, for examples, stop on entering the lacunae, Hessian canals and blood vessels [ref]. We…

and the stages of bone development The early stages of bone development. Osteogenesis, also known as ossification, is the process in which bone forms. In the early stages, the ‘skeleton’ is made up of loose fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage, and are already in the shape of bones, these are the site where ossification will begin. This provides the foundation for subsequent ossification, starting in the 6th or 7th week of embryonic development. They will develop through…