Molecular biology

Genetically Modified Foods refers to plants which are produced by both animal and human consumption through the use of the modern molecular biology techniques. The plants have been changed in the laboratory so as to enhance the preferred features like better nutritional content or raise resistance to herbicides (Arvanitoyannis and Krystallis, 2005). The modification of the desired features has traditionally been carried out through breeding, but some of the breeding methods like conventional…

the PCR is to produce required amount of the target DNA region that is be analyzed. PCR amplified DNA is sent for sequencing and visualized by gel electrophoresis. It also can be cloned into plasmids. PCR is used in many fields of medicine, molecular biology research, medical diagnostics, and ecology. It is fast and inexpensive technique used to amplify DNA and RNA fragments by 107 times. The polymerase chain reaction was…

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Since the discovery of the four classes of macromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids), researchers and biochemists have fine-tuned methods that reveal structural information about each of them. Different structural properties determine different functions and chemical properties, and scientists have developed intricate techniques to observe, quantify, and isolate molecules based on their aforementioned properties. Agarose gel electrophoresis,…

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a lab technique that is used to separate and identify DNA and RNA according to the size of the individual molecule fragments. It has many common uses in modern molecular biology such as separation of restriction enzymes, analysis of PCR results, the number of DNA in a sample, DNA sequencing, DNA finger printing, and forensic science. The basis behind agarose gel electrophoresis is manipulating the highly negative charge held by DNA. When placed in an electric…

Genetic transformation is an important method, in molecular biology and genetic engineering, for transferring DNA amongst a variety of organisms. In Lab five, my lab partners and I used calcium chloride to make the bacterium cell walls more permeable and a heat shocking method to introduce the pGLO plasmid in the E.coli bacterium so that they may exhibit ampicillin resistance. The Goal of the experiment was to observe whether or not, given one of the four specific conditions, the pGLO plasmid…

The effect of the BsrG1 restriction enzyme on Wild Type and Mutation 1 of E. coli DNA Introduction: What a lac operon is involved in the lactose metabolism of E. coli and it can only work when there is no glucose present to interfere with the lactose metabolism. (Khan Academy) E. coli chooses prefers glucose and other "better" sugars, so if any are present other than lactose the lac operon will not be expressed in the plasmid. (Khan Academy) A plasmid is an "independent, circular,…

Plasmids are extra chromosomal DNA within some bacteria that exist as circular structures. Although they are not essential for survival of the bacterium, they often do confer many environment advantages such as antibiotic resistance. One bacteria of interest is E. coli, a gram-negative organism that is part of normal human gut flora. Some strains of E. coli are pathologic to humans, however some strains are beneficial. For example, one strain produces vitamin K, an essential nutrient. In this…

4. Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Multiplex PCR is molecular biology technique for amplification of multiple targets in a single PCR reaction. Indeed, multiplex PCR is a modification of conventional or realtime PCR in which two or more different PCR products are amplified within a single reaction (Henegariu, 1997). In a multiplexing assay, more than one target sequence can be amplified using multiple primer pairs in a reaction mixture. As an extension to practical use of PCR, this technique…

in the embryonic murine Schwann cell lineage 1Anjali Balakrishnan, 2Morgan G. Stykel, 1,2Yacine Touahri, 2*Jeff Biernaskie, 1*Carol Schuurmans Institutional Affiliations: 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in the Cumming School of Medicine, 2Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, both in the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, CANADA…

Boyd, Benarroch-Gampel et al. 2012). A major hindrance towards development of therapies against pancreatic ASC is that no unique molecular signature has been identified for this class of pancreatic tumors. Although KRAS and TP53 are altered in pancreatic ASC (Brody, Costantino et al. 2009), the same genes are also abnormal in other forms of pancreatic cancer. The molecular mechanism that promotes pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma is unknown. The main objective of this proposal is to identify…