Extracellular matrix

(Naylor et al., 2011). Not only there will be phenotypic changes but there will also be major structural and functional changes in the dermal extracellular matrix (Naylor et al., 2011). Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation will induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases to cause breakdown of collagen fibres resulting in changes in the extracellular matrix, alterations in the dermis and the formation of wrinkles (Lee et al., 2008). The human skin consist of five different layers: the…

viscoelastic properties. This unique feature allows articular cartilage to carry out its functions, to absorb the compressive load and transmit it to the subchondral bone (Sophia Fox et al., 2009). Excessive loading on cartilage can damage the extracellular matrix and increase catabolic activity (Sun, 2010). Moreover, bone in the osteoarthritic stage has lower modulus to absorb the forces, and transfer the load back to cartilage (Leng et al., 2013). This vicious cycle will lead to knee…

always curable. The mechanism of transmission is poorly understood, but it is believed that the initial step in colonizing host tissues involves the expression of adhesive molecules that facilitate bacterial adherence to host cells or to the extracellular matrix due to their specific categories of membrane proteins. A long with having adhesion mechanisms, this bacterium has several transmission mechanisms that further allows it to escape the body’s immune responses. Many of the signs and…

The heart is the organ that pumps blood through the body. Together with the circulatory system it makes up the cardiovascular system (Anatomy of the Heart, 2015). The heart is oddly shaped, almost oval at the bottom but with a series of veins and arteries at the top and sides. It definitely is not “heart” shaped. It is made up of four chambers consisting of two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower). These chambers are separated into right and left side by the septum, which is a wall of muscle…

causing the transport nanoparticles to be compromised, affecting the efficiency of the drug delivery (Sinek et al., 2004). Other than abnormal features of tumour vasculature, there are cases where nanoparticles cannot penetrate through the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumors (Kim, 2007). The inability to penetrate the ECM efficiently limits the nanoparticles therapeutic efficacy, as the nanoparticles are not able to affect tumour cells that are distant from the blood vessels (Kim, 2007). In…

This writing presents the structure of proteins, their importance for life and processes under which they are made. It will also describe two groups of proteins and give some examples. Proteins (also called polypeptides, peptides or amino acids) are large polymers and main components of cells. They are produced by condensation reaction from amino acid monomers, therefore proteins are called condensation polymers. Each protein is formed by a unique sequence of 20 naturally occurring amino…

P2 Task two Tissues The tissues are structures formed by a group of billion of cells with a similar structure. A group of cells together form tissues, tissues from organs and organs are form system organs. There are four different types of basic animal tissue: 1) Epithelial Tissue: This tissue is formed of one or a few layers of cells adhere to a basement membrane. it is found in internal and external organs surfaces. It is divides into: a) Squamous Epithelium - Squamous Simple Epithelium: the…

keratin. Root- similar to shaft, but within dermis. Follicle - surrounds root. Sheath - supports shaft & root. Bulb - enlarged layered structure at base where hair is generated; papilla - areolar connective tissue, blood vessels supply nutrients; matrix - germination layer of papilla that builds hair shaft. Sebaceous glands- release oil. Arrector Pili- smooth muscle. 17. What is the hair follicle and what are some structures associated with it? It’s a skin organ that produces hair.…

resolving. Their soft and rubbery nature minimizes inflammatory reactions of the surrounding cells, and have a good prospect in biomedical applications such as clinic repair material or studying interaction between implanted materials by imitating extracellular matrix.1 Some hydrogels are potential to be injected as they experience viscous…

M2: Cell differentiation is the process in which a generic embryonic cell develops into a specialized cell to do a particular job or function which has been triggered by the body or the actual cell itself by signals. The signals are sent to the cell receptor, which interprets the message through a signal transduction pathway. This pathway converts the message into something that the cell is able to recognize and understand. This is how a cell learns its functions and purpose. Cell…