Extracellular matrix

Microtubules, which are made of protein subunits called tubulin, are the thickest of all three cytoskeletal filaments. Microtubules are mainly serving as the paths along which vesicles are guided in their travels to various destinations, and are responsible for associating with motor proteins attached to the vesicles. Microtubules can also expand or shrink in length in order to establish dynamic structures that can efficiently change the internal organization of the cell, and capture organelles…

Occurring mostly in males, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is an X-linked disorder that includes progressive muscle weakening caused by an insufficient gene for the production of a protein in the muscles called dystrophin. (Lucas-Heron, 1995) It affects about one in 3600-6000 live male births, making it the most common form of muscular dystrophy. Symptoms are most often noticeable by the time patients reach the age of three to five. The affected males will lose their ability to walk by eight to…

the premature rupture of membrane (PROM) are promoted by these cytokines, which in turn stimulate the production of prostaglandins, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and other inflammatory mediators (Wadhwa et al. 2001). Uterine contractility is stimulated as a result of prostaglandin synthesis while the release of MMPs consequently breaks down the extracellular matrix in fetal membranes leading to preterm PROM (Goldenberg et al.…

The human body has two major circulatory systems: the blood and lymphatic systems. Although the blood vascular system and the lymphatic system operate in parallel and share some anatomical features, the two vascular systems have had very different fates in science and medicine, as they display distinct structural and functional features. While the blood system has been extensively studied and examined, the lymphatic system has been neglected and considered as less important compared with the…

The anti-aging product I am researching is the Murad Age Renewal Serum. I found the product through the Murad website; I found this product because I always receive free samples from the Murad company and wanted to further research their products. The Murad products page is attached https://www.murad.com/. The price quotes according to the Murad products webpage is 88$ 1.0 FL OZ. The active ingredients within the products are retinol, sodium hyaluronate, tocopherol acetate (a form of Vit E)…

domains: an N-terminal, a rod domain composed of 24 triple helix repeats and 4 hinges, a cysteine-rich domain and a C-terminal. The N-terminal of the protein binds to actin filaments and acts as a bridge between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix via interactions with the dystroglycan complex (DGC) in the sarcolemma in muscles (5). Dystrophin helps to increase membrane stability and prevent the sarcolemma from rupturing. Absence of dystrophin leads to the disassembly of the DGC…

Nuchal translucency (NT) is the sonographic appearance of the subcutaneous accumulation of fluid behind the fetal neck in the first trimester of pregnancy. NT is measured between 11 to 13 weeks gestation with the optimal measurement of crown-rump (the length of an embryo or fetus measured from the skull vertex to the midpoint between the apices of the buttocks10) of 45 mm to 84 mm. Most fetuses can be viewed transabdominally scan, while some need additional transvaginal examination2. The…

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth-leading cause of deaths relating to cancer, with less than half of all patients surviving for more than 5 years following diagnosis. It affects women of all ages, most commonly diagnosed after menopause and aged between 55-65 years, 75% of whom are diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. Risk factors include age, hormone therapy, and most notably genetic syndromes, such as BRCA1 mutations which are involved in 10% of OC cases. This essay will present the…

The structure and function of carbohydrates (25 Marks) Carbohydrates are made from Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). A monosaccharide is the monomer sub unit of carbohydrates and can be joined together through a condensation reaction to form a glycosidic bond between the two monomers which is known as a disaccharide. The above diagram shows a condensation reaction taking place. There is a reaction between two monomer sub units, in this case α-glucose and ethanol, which involves the…

Effect of chronic chest diseases on right ventricle I. Effects of chronic chest disease on right heart structure and function In patients with restrictive lung disease, right ventricular hypertrophy was estimated to be present in 50% of them (Figure15) (Shivkumaret al., 1994). Despite these changes in the structure of the right ventricle, myocardial systolic function is generally conserved in pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic lung disease (Vizza et al., 1998).…