Bacteriophage

S., Sadovskaya, I., Vinogradov, E., Courtin, P., Guerardel, Y., Mahony, J., Grard, T., Cambillau, C., Chapot-Chartier, M. P., van Sinderen, D. 2014. Differences in lactococcal cell wall polysaccharide structure are major determining factors in bacteriophage sensitivity. MBio.…

lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle leads to the production of new phage particles which are released by lysis of the host. After reproducing, these viruses accumulate and irregularly remove a portion of the host cell's bacterial DNA. When one of these bacteriophages infects a new host cell, this piece of bacterial DNA may be merged into the genome of the new host. The two types of transduction is generalized type or specialized type. Transformation Transformation is a process when genetic…

bacteria and archaea against bacteriophage infection. It was first reported as part of the genome of Escherichia coli and, during the next years, other bacteria and archaea were reported to also present the CRISPR cluster. Cas genes were reported to be conserved in these organisms as well. Basically, CRISPR consists of CRISPR-associated genes (Cas genes) and the CRISPR array, which is a series of direct repeats and spacers that correspond to the nucleic acids of the bacteriophage. In this…

The ways in which bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics and how this contributes to the global healthcare concern of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Antimicrobial resistance is a prevailing issue since the discovery of the first antibiotic Penicillin in 1928. There are 5 mechanisms which allow resistance to impede new antibiotic development for the last 29 years (WHO, 2016) consisting of mutations in target genes, enzymatic resistance, latency, antibiotic efflux and non-specific mutations…

Francois Jacobs was born on June 17, 1920 in Nancy, France. He was the only offspring of Therese Franck and Simon Jacob. He started to grow up and attended Lycee Carnot in Paris France and studied to be a surgeon. Mr. Jacobs was not able to finish is schooling soon because World War 2 interrupted in his second year of studying medicine. He left France to join the French Forces of London and, because of what he was studying in school he was sent to Africa to be the medical officer for the…

To accurately understand the effects of GMO’s on the environment, it is important to first understand what a GMO is and how it changes the identity of the organism. A GMO is a genetically modified organism, this means that the genes of one specific organism are extracted and implanted into a new organism, or that the DNA has been altered and modified (live science). According to conventional breeding, we know that the parents of the individual both give half of the genetic material within the…

1. Introduction Antimicrobials have proved to be one of the most successful medicinal discoveries in history, principally because they have turned bacterial infections which were once the leading cause of death, into controllable conditions.[1, 2] These molecules inhibit the reproduction, prevent vital processes occurring, or destroy the bacterial cell wall to aid in fighting infectious diseases.[3, 4] Antimicrobial therapy is one of the foundation stones of modern medicine, and without…

CRISPR Cas9 CRISPR Cas9 is a gene editing tool that can be used to edit, delete, and change parts of the genome. What makes CRISPR Cas9 different from other gene editing techniques such as Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) or Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN) is its targeting efficiency ability. For example, ZFNs and TALENs could only reach targeting efficiencies from 1% to 50% in human cells. On the other hand, CRISPR Cas9 had a much higher rate at greater than 70% in Zebrafish…

baby? Why? The lover is the father of the baby. The bands most useful to determine the father of the baby are bands 4 and 8. They are most useful because they are bands that the baby has and only the father (lover) has. 4. Lambda’s is a bacteriophage with a genome 48,502 nucleotides long. The cut sites for the restriction enzyme EcoRI are located at the following nucleotide positions: 21,226 26,104 31,747 39,168 44,972 If EcoRI digest Lambda DNA, determine the number of…

The Planet of Viruses gives a brief summary of different viruses in a fascinating way. Zimmer introduces you to the history of virology by exploring some of the common viruses such as rhinovirus, influenza, human papillomavirus (HPV), marine bacteriophages and endogenous retroviruses. He even describes some of the ancient virus such as HIV, West Nile Virus, Ebola, smallpox to name of few. Zimmer writes in a manner for people who have minimal knowledge of microbiology, immunology…