Antibody

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) within organisms can be methylated while proteins can be either methylated or acetylated. The methylation of DNA and RNA is used for alternative splicing used for production of different mRNA molecules resulting in numerous new proteins. One of the molecules believed to perform the methylation is N6A or N6 methyladenosine. Methylation is the most observed modification to mRNA molecules. Methylation of both DNA and RNA ensures…

is strong and controlled by the induction of methanol is used in recombinant antibody production. An amino terminal signal sequence, commonly S. cerevisiae alpha factor, is required for secretory production of antibody which later undergoes proteolytic cleavage by endo-protease KEX2 for proficient release of immunoglobulins. There is limited data regarding expression of a whole immunoglobulin G. Dimeric scFV-Fc antibodies in P. pastoris attained expression levels of 10-30mg/L. YEAST EXPRESSION…

Have you ever been bitten, licked or scratched by a cat or kitten? Most of you probably have, but did you know that approximately 10% of household cats, and 33% of stray cats carry a type of bacteria called Bartonella henselae (1). Bartonella henselae is a gram negative bacteria that can cause cat scratch disease (CSD), which can be transferred to a person, mostly young children, who have been either bitten, licked or scratched by a cat. B. henselae lives in infected cats’ saliva and is usually…

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a disease occurring when antibodies produced by the body’s own immune system attack NMDA receptors in the brain. NMDA receptors are proteins that control electrical impulses in the brain. Their functions are critical for judgement, perception of reality, human interaction, the formation and retrieval of memory, and the control of unconscious activities (such as breathing, swallowing, etc), also known as autonomic functions. Common symptoms are flu-like symptoms…

What is the relationship between oral and gut microbiome and arthritis disease? The term microbiome or microbiota is defined by Joshua Lederberg (scientist worked in genetic microbiome); these organisms are found in the skin or mucus membrane. They have the ability to extract the necessary energy to stay live. The host utilizes them for digestion, production of nutrients, removal of toxins, attacks on pathogens and to strengthen the immune system (Scher and Abramson, 2011). The Human…

Lung transplantation is a complex surgical procedure that a diseased lung is removed and replaced with a donor lung through anastomosis. In context of transplantation, a patient will receive either a single or bilateral lung transplant from a deceased donor. The current concern for lung transplantation is the shortage of lungs donor. Fortunately, some cases could be relieved by receiving donation from living donors. This procedure involved the removal of one lower lobes of lungs each from two…

time to make sure that the bacteria attack the immune system. This change causes the antibodies do not recognize the changing bacteria. Influenza viruses contain two subtypes hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase which are only apparent to the host in which they are living in. Some subtypes can only occur in specific animals but the most common subtype in human is known as the H1N1. In most cases the antibodies cannot detect the virus and cause it to spread in the respiratory tract damaging the…

In recent decades, plenty of therapies are available for the ailments of cancer, despite of, this monoclonal antibody (MAb) is being advised by researchers for various aliments purpose owing to the versatile of usage. In the United States and Europe countries gains approval for MAb by FDA and European medicinal agency. Current, production of murine and humanized MAb will emerge the high specificity, affinity towards the epitope. Developed MAb holds the versatility features, like detection of…

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disorder affecting children and adults, peaking between the ages of 2 and 5 years old then rising slowly after the age of 50 (Pui, Robison, & Look, 2008). While effective treatments have raised the cure rate to over 80%, ALL remains the second leading cause of death from cancer in children (Mullighan et al., 2009). There are about 6,250 new cases of ALL with about 1,450 deaths, mainly affecting more males than females and more whites than African…

cells has long been a scientific discussion (Nathanson L. 1976). Over the last 10 years, scientists have synthesized drugs that block pathways to keep cancer cells into evading the immune system. Several immune based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, T-CARS and checkpoint inhibitors and therapeutic vaccines are available and analyze to fight cancer. So, it now appears…