Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disorder affecting children and adults, peaking between the ages of 2 and 5 years old then rising slowly after the age of 50 (Pui, Robison, & Look, 2008). While effective treatments have raised the cure rate to over 80%, ALL remains the second leading cause of death from cancer in children (Mullighan et al., 2009). There are about 6,250 new cases of ALL with about 1,450 deaths, mainly affecting more males than females and more whites than African Americans ("Leukemia, Acute Lymphocytic," 2011). Since ALL affects the lymphocytes it can be part of the cell lineage of B and T lymphocytes, most cases it affects the B lineage cells (Gallegos-Arreola et al., 2013).
Pathophysiology
Risk factors for …show more content…
There are six hallmarks of having full-scale cancer: one hallmark is self-sufficiency in growth signals which is when a proto-oncogene is activated by a mutation to become an oncogene, allowing it to remain on active status inducing cell growth (Gallegos-Arreola et al., 2013). A second hallmark is insensitivity to antigrowth signals; tumor suppressor genes regulate cell proliferation, once knocked out there is no regulation of proliferation, mutations of TP53, a tumor suppressor gene, occurs in only 3% of patients that have ALL (Gallegos-Arreola et al., 2013). A third hallmark is evading apoptosis; types of genes common to be knocked out are from the NOTCH family, since they inhibit apoptosis stimulated by p53 allowing the tumor to worsen,” (Gallegos-Arreola et al., 2013). The fourth hallmark is limitless replication, meaning nothing can stop the growth of the tumor (Huether & McCance, 2012). Fifth hallmark is when the tumor is able to sustain angiogenesis, receiving consistent blood supply and waste removal (Huether & McCance, 2012). Lastly the tumor is able to invade other tissues and metastasized (Huether & McCance, …show more content…
The main points for the pathophysiology of ALL is its ability to reproduce T or B lymphocyte cells with uncontrolled cell proliferation, response to inhibitory signals, and longevity by evading apoptosis. Manifestations for ALL first seem to appear as the flu, however; enlarged lymph nodes, bone and joint pain, and blood tests are more specific to the disease. Treatment for ALL can last up to three years and occur in three phases, induction therapy, consolidation therapy and maintenance
Pathophysiology
Risk factors for …show more content…
There are six hallmarks of having full-scale cancer: one hallmark is self-sufficiency in growth signals which is when a proto-oncogene is activated by a mutation to become an oncogene, allowing it to remain on active status inducing cell growth (Gallegos-Arreola et al., 2013). A second hallmark is insensitivity to antigrowth signals; tumor suppressor genes regulate cell proliferation, once knocked out there is no regulation of proliferation, mutations of TP53, a tumor suppressor gene, occurs in only 3% of patients that have ALL (Gallegos-Arreola et al., 2013). A third hallmark is evading apoptosis; types of genes common to be knocked out are from the NOTCH family, since they inhibit apoptosis stimulated by p53 allowing the tumor to worsen,” (Gallegos-Arreola et al., 2013). The fourth hallmark is limitless replication, meaning nothing can stop the growth of the tumor (Huether & McCance, 2012). Fifth hallmark is when the tumor is able to sustain angiogenesis, receiving consistent blood supply and waste removal (Huether & McCance, 2012). Lastly the tumor is able to invade other tissues and metastasized (Huether & McCance, …show more content…
The main points for the pathophysiology of ALL is its ability to reproduce T or B lymphocyte cells with uncontrolled cell proliferation, response to inhibitory signals, and longevity by evading apoptosis. Manifestations for ALL first seem to appear as the flu, however; enlarged lymph nodes, bone and joint pain, and blood tests are more specific to the disease. Treatment for ALL can last up to three years and occur in three phases, induction therapy, consolidation therapy and maintenance