Antibody

institution, and Christianity. First off, Europeans, albeit accidentally, brought germs that caused smallpox, yellow fever, malaria, and many other diseases over to America. Due to antibodies in the Europeans’ blood, these germs harmless, however, once these germs were exposed to Indians, who did not have the antibodies required to not catch the disease, they became deadly, wiping out large populations of Indians. For example, during a siege laid upon the Aztec Indians in the 1520s, a smallpox…

be difficult to identify and doctors use both symptoms and tests to diagnose the disease. A common early calling card — a bull’s-eye rash around the bite — does not occur in everyone; while others don’t notice it. Tests are indirect, looking for antibodies the body produces to fight the infection, not the bacteria itself. A person who has early Lyme might not have begun producing…

Kristin Fitzpatrick BI 456 Immunology Disease Term Paper 11/21/14 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options I. INTRODUCTION Lupus, Latin for “wolf,” originally referred to the erosive facial lesions that resembled a wound from a wolf’s bite. In the Middle Ages lupus was mainly described as a dermatologic condition. It was not until 1872 that lupus was considered a systemic disease that presented with subcutaneous nodules, arthritis, lymphadenopathy, fever,…

The correct answer is C Osteitis Deformans (also known as Paget’s disease). Paget's is caused by the excessive breakdown and formation of bone, followed by disorganized bone remodeling. This causes affected bone to weaken, resulting in pain, misshapen bones, fractures and arthritis in the joints near the affected bones. An elevated level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood in combination with normal calcium, phosphate, and aminotransferase levels in an elderly patient are suggestive of Paget's…

response. Different complements can kill bacteria, attract macrophages and neutrophils to an infected area, and bind to the bacteria and change its structure, making it easier to destroy. In acquired immunity, complements can promote the forming of antibodies, and aid in memory. Another function of compliments is in promoting an inflammatory…

According to the patient’s history, Donna is experiencing allergic rhinitis. This type of allergic reaction is typically diagnosed based upon symptoms and the patient’s detailed history. It is visible that Donna is not having a acute severe infection due to her stable vital signs and lungs are clear to auscultation and percussion. Considering the patient has a history of itchy eyes, nasal congestion, and watery discharge it is clear to determine the diagnosis. Allergic rhinitis comes in two…

This paper will will explore the way that Group A Streptococcus (GAS) pathogens invade and evade the immune system to cause infections that can be either innocuous or fatal. Group A Streptococcus is a group of human pathogens that are usually found in the throat or the skin (7). They can be spread through different direct contact to an exposed mucous membrane, or through contact to an open wound. The infections can be either non-invasive or invasive; invasive being the most dangerous and life…

Atorvastatin possibly interacts with the mechanism of the Zostavax vaccine by attenuating the immune responses that should occur after administration of the vaccine. Without a proper immune response, there is a decreased antibody production against the varicella zoster virus (VZV). Atorvastatin contains immunomodulating properties that as it inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, it causes a decrease in isoprenoid pyrophosphates. Isoprenoid pyrophosphates are necessary to activate Ras-related GTPases.…

specialized adaptive lymphocytes such as B cells and T cells and antibody production. Antibodies produced by B cells coat the surface of a pathogen and act in neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation. Neutralization occurs when the pathogen is unable to bind and infect host cells because it is covered with antibodies. Osponization is like a flagging system. In this process, pathogens that have been seized by antibodies stick out like red flags; this alerts macrophages, neutrophils…

The theory, invention and implementation of vaccination is widely considered to be one of the greatest medical achievements of modern medicine. As the most effective method of preventing infectious and life-threatening diseases, vaccines have had a significant impact on civilization and the world. This essay will define vaccination and describe life before the invention of vaccines. It will discuss the key players attributed to inventing and implementing immunization. It will then describe the…