Tyrosine

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disorder that can be passed down from generation to generation. It is caused by a deficient hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which is an enzyme in the liver that catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, using the coenzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). One treatment for PKU would be to have a restricted diet because PKU does not allow for the process of phenylalanine, which is a protein found in many foods (Scala et al 2015). With the help of BH4,…

Thyroid is a gland located in the lower throat. This gland can develop and grow through the rate of metabolism. (Mayo Clinic). Thyroid problems can come in many different ways, starting with symptoms, that can lead to an actual disease , left untreated this can become a lifelong problem. There are many different types of thyroid problems. One is Hypothyroidism, This means the thyroid gland is underactive. If the thyroid gland is underactive the gland itself is not producing enough hormones.…

environmental factors attributed to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis include, low iodine intake, drugs, chemicals, and infections. While the genetic factors include Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) gene, protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor-type 22 (PTPN22) gene, vitamin D receptor gene, and cytokine genes. Lastly,…

It is also called anabolism or biogenesis. It is a enzyme-catalyzed method in which substrates are transformed into complex products. In this process simple compounds change or convert into other compounds or they join together to form macromolecules. Example: In this process gluneogenesis is responsible for the production of glucose from non carbohydrate originator. Actually biosynthesis is an enzyme-catalyzed process in which substrates are converted into complex compounds. 1. Biosynthesis…

Cell to Cell Communication Two or multiple cells who are in a close radius have the capability to communicate with each other through the plasma membrane. Cells send signals through steps of signal transduction pathway. Cells communicate through chemical messages long distance and in a short radius. Different Types of Signaling In long distance and short distance signaling there are many different types of signaling used for communication between cells. The local communication is done through…

makes a protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. The function of the protein from the gene is involved in transforming cartilage into bone. FGFR3 is the only gene known to be related with achondroplasia. There is also a receptor called tyrosine kinase. It negatively regulates the growth plate activity and stright bone growth. All people who have only a single copy of the normal FGFR3 gene and a single copy of the FGFR3 gene mutation have achondroplasia. It can be inherited when one…

somatic mosaic mutation in AKT1, a gene which encodes the well-studied serine/threonine kinase PKB/Akt .1,2 Akt is the key mediator of the PI3K signaling pathway. In response to a growth signal (e.g. IGF, EGF) and the autophosphorylation of a receptor tyrosine kinase, PI3K is recruited and activated, generating PIP¬3 molecules at the lipid membrane. These partially activate Akt and also activate PDK1/2, which complete the Akt activation. Akt signaling effects many pathways , most notably:…

INTRODUCTION Interleukin 4 was co-found by Maureen Howard and William E. Paul and by Dr. Ellen Vitetta and her examination bunch in 1982. The nucleotide succession for human IL-4 was secluded four years after the fact affirming its similitude to a mouse protein called B-cell stimulatory component 1 (BCSF-1). Cytogenetic Location: 5q31.1 Molecular Location on chromosome 5: base pairs 132,673,986 to 132,682,678 (Homo sapiens Annotation Release 107, GRCh38.p2) The…

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects approximately 23.6 million people globally (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators, 2015). The disorder is marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, which typically result in problems related to self-care and general functioning in social and occupational settings (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Despite the first detailed clinical description having been written in 1810 (Haslam, 1810), and…

ions to a condensed ferric phase in the central cavity of the soluble protein. In their study, Fetter et al. (1997) monitored the kinetic of formation of the Fe(III)-protein intermediates in frog H-ferritin and frog M-ferritin. They used Fe(III)-tyrosine species that absorb at A550 nm or A650- for the H-ferritin or M-ferritin, respectively. These species are chosen because their absorbance is not affected by the absorbance of other transient species that form or stable minerals that are present…