Stop codon

called a codon. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNAs contain three primaryregions .The 5 untranslated region is a sequence of nucleotides that is at the 5 end of the mRNA and does not code for the amino acid sequence of a protein. In bacterial mRNA, this region contains a consensus sequence called the Shine- Dalgarno sequence, which serves as the ribosome-binding site during translation. It is found approximately seven nucleotides upstream of…

replication of DNA leaves the cell’s nucleus and journeys to the mitochondria. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) are the four coded chemical bases that the DNA uses to store information. Three of these bases code for a triplet of a codon. DNA’s four chemical bases each have a pair; A with T and C with G. Each base pair is also attached to a sugar and phosphate molecule. A nucleotide is the combined base, sugar and phosphate molecule. The double helix is nucleotides arranged…

This is another example of a “point mutation”. Nonsense mutation is the substitution of a single base pair of DNA that leads to the appearance of a stop codon where previously there was a codon specifying an amino acid. A codon is a sequence of DNA or RNA nucleotides. The presence of this premature stop codon results in the production of a shortened, and likely nonfunctional, protein. Ten percent of the people who have Cystic Fibrosis, have the nonsense mutation in there gene…

mRNA is read in groups of three nucleotides known as codons. The codon sequence of three nucleotides corresponds to a specific amino acid. When the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, the codons in mRNA are recognized by the anticodons in tRNA. Anticodons are a three nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the codons in the mRNA. The tRNA is a complex that has an amino acid at one end and an anticodon recognized by the codon in mRNA at the other end. Translation occurs in…

Each gene has instructions to make or build a protein. In protein coding the sequence is always in groups of three nucleotides. These groups of three are called codons. Every codon has one amino acid in a protein. All proteins need to start with the ATG codon. Most biological activities are carried out by proteins. In order to have the DNA sequence that reads ATG-ACT-CAT-GAG-TGA to be translated into the RNA to build a protein there has to be proteins that are not the same to be able to…

Ricki Lewis’s The Forever Fix: Gene Therapy and the Boy Who Saved It tells the tale of gene therapy’s rocky road from a wild idea people considered to be a “daydream” to a growing field providing lucky individuals with treatment to prevent their life-shattering genetic diseases. In her novel, Lewis discusses two major biological concepts: mutation and gene expression. To give the reader the molecular basis for genetic disorders, mutation is briefly addressed. Lewis gives two different examples…

Eukaryotes in Protein synthesis. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Polycistronic mRNA Monocistronic mRNA Coupled transcription-translation possible Not possible Linearly polyribosome Circular polyribosome No cap on mRNa 5’end of mRNa recognized by the cap Start codon is next AUG after ribosome biding site No ribosome binding site First amino acid is formyl-Met First Met is unmodified 70S ribosomes (30S and 50S subunit) 80S (40S and 60S) Small 30S : 16S rRNA and 21 proteins Small 40S : 18S rRNA and 33…

are different amino acids which can stop the codon. Mutation can form because of natural causes such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun. However they can also occur due to environmental factors , such as chemicals or ionizing radiation. There are many ways that DNA can mutate such as substitution this is a mutation that exchanges one base for another. For example a change in a single molecule or switching an A to a G. Substitution can also change a codon to one that transmits a different…

It was time to depart. The engines had been warmed up, the supplies were ready and the equipment had been installed and was ready to use. “Five, four, three, two, one, BLAST-Off” chanted Captain Xerox at headquarters, and with that our micro-V96 craft was propelled towards the cell membrane for the first leg of our journey to investigate the process of Protein Synthesis in a eukaryotic animal cell. The cell membrane is a delicate wall of phospholipid molecules, consisting of hydrophilic heads…

Question 1: a) A: Promoter B: Splice site C: 5’ UTR D: Start codon E: Stop codon F: 3’ UTR b) The sum of the exons and introns (all in kilobases) (1.2+8+0.7+27+0.4+11+3.1) = 51.4 kb. c) The sum of the exons (all in kilobases) (1.2+0.7+0.4+3.1) = 5.4 kb. d) RNA Protein Truncation mutation in exon 2 Same length, same amount of RNA produced. Shorter in length (due to earlier stop codon), same amount of protein produced, usually changes the protein to non-functional, though not always. 3bp in…