RNA virus

living organisms due to their possession of DNA or RNA in their systems. DNA and RNA are essential components of any living organism. Against: Viruses are only alive when they are present and depend on another living organism/host. 8. (4 points) Discuss the differences between enveloped animal virus and naked animal virus in their ways of viral multiplication. Enveloped animal virus is composed of lipids, proteins, and…

For the initial entry of the virus, the ephrinB2 domain is necessary. Once entered through micropinocytosis, protease cathespin L activates the virus (12). Nipah Virus can replicate very easily in human lung fibroblasts. It can infect the surrounding cells by either cell-to-cell spread or through release of infectious particles. When monocytes get infected, they can transmigrate through the blood brain barrier to infect the brain. This could be plausible if the monocytes were inefficient in…

An example of this is the 1918 influenza pandemic, strain H1N1 which was identified to have originated in birds and killed between 40-50 million people2. The influenza A virus (IAV) is a member of the orthomyxoviridae family and has a negative sense, single stranded RNA genome split into 8 segments, containing 11 genes. The virus possesses a lipid envelope which is produced from the host cell. Spikes protrude from this membrane which consist of hemagglutinin (HA), which facilitates receptor…

A virus- a complex microscopic organism that possesses the ability to replicate inside the cells of a host. For centuries scientists have debated the topic of whether viruses are living organisms- or not. Viruses have been left in a “gray area”, becoming ignored in the study of evolution by scientists. When not in contact with a host, viruses tend to stray from the characteristics that define life. Characteristics such as the ability to respond to their environment, lack of cells, and the…

respiratory virus that causes nearly annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Influenza epidemics generally occur in the winter months in the Northern hemisphere and May-September in the Southern hemisphere (Cox et al, 2004). This virus belongs to the genus Orthomyxovirus in the family of Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A viruses are enveloped RNA virus with eight RNA segments that encodes for upto 11 viral genes ( Lamb &Krug ,2001, Fields virology, 4th edt. ).The genome is segmented, with 8 RNA…

single-stranded, negative RNA genomes (Bourmakina and García-Sastre, 2005). Influenza is then broken down further to three categories; A, B, or C, which is determined by the antigenic differences in their structural components nucleoprotein and matrix protein (M1) (Bourmakina and García-Sastre, 2005). Both nucleoproteins and MI proteins are crucial to the survival of the virus. In Influenza A’s RNA, it’s genomes call for 9 structural and 2 nonstructural proteins (Noda, 2011). In Influenza B’s…

The RNA worlds together with the DNA world are known to have numerous differences as well as similarities with the cell nature as well as the varied virus character demands pointing to the viruses coming first. To a degree, the theories that designate this phenomenon have contended on the dissimilar nature of viruses, as a crucial factor that illustrates the viruses coming first (Woese, 1987). In the biosphere of microbes, whereas viruses are regarded as minuscule in size, the Pithovirus is…

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) belongs to the Old World arenavirus family of enveloped viruses (Buchmeier et al., 2007). LCMV in particular has served as model organism from many significant studies in the field of immunology such as the Nobel Prize winning study of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) by Zinkernagel and Doherty (1975). LCMV’s natural reservoirs are the common household rodents (Traub, 1936). Household mice have shown to attain persistent asymptomatic LCMV…

vertebrate virus consists of 6 stages. Provide the name for each stage and provide details of the events that take place at each stage using Influenza virus A as the model. The 6 stages consist of: Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Biosynthesis, Assembly, and Release. Attachment is when the virus attaches or “locks” itself onto an acceptable cell. This occurs because a protein receptor is recognized by the virus and the virus attaches to the cell. Penetration is when the virus moves…

influenza virus was infecting its hosts long before the discovery of viruses in the late 1800’s. The longevity of the virus can be attributed to its ability to quickly mutate its genome, which consists of only eight negative-sense RNA segments. These small mutations allow the virus to rapidly evolve. In fact, approximately every twenty to thirty years the virus evolves into a “super virus” capable of causing significant pandemics (Webster, 2014). The influenza A virus is the envelope virus…