RNA virus

Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase: DNA Discoveries Alfred Hershey was born in Owosso, Michigan. He graduated from Michigan State in 1934 with a Ph.D. After his Ph.D., Hershey accepted a position at the Washington University School of Medicine in the Department of Bacteriology, where he started working on bacteriophage. In 1946, working with Max Delbruck, a fellow scientist, Hershey discovered that phage can recombine when co-infected into a bacterial host, which lead to research a new area of phage…

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus. The illness can range from mild to severe, and can infect people of all ages, races, genders, and sizes. Generally, the illness is not life threatening in most people, but certain groups are at higher risk of requiring hospitalization or even dying from influenza. These at-risk groups of people include young children, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems. The CDC estimated that there were “25…

Results Design of the RNAi vector The PMT gene family is well conserved among the Solanales. There are five genes in the PMT gene family (PMT1 to PMT5) which differ in the exon 1 sequence due to the insertion of a variable number of 33 nucleotide repeats. This makes the first exon as an ideal region for the design of gene specific RNAi trigger sequence (Fig 1A). Full-length sequences are available for four PMT genes (PMT1 to PMT4) whereas only the sequence of exon1 is known for PMT5 which…

Photothermal therapy would support the nano-carriers with the RNA by creating a pathway through the cell to the nucleus. In which the nanomedicine will introduce foreign RNA to modify the genetics while the reactivity of the heat from the P.T therapy would enhance the strength of the nucleotide. There are two methods for this drug delivery. One takes place above 50…

in creating important structures found in our body such as deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly referred to as DNA, and ribonucleic acid or RNA. (Erster, Lecture 4 Chapter 5) Ribonucleic acid is then categorized into two types of RNA: mRNA and tRNA (there are other types but the ones mainly discussed in protein synthesis only involved these two). The DNA and RNA are partners that work together to make protein in protein synthesis. DNA is like the instruction manual to making the protein. The…

Fundamentals of Biochemistry in the Biotech Industry Maple Syrup Urine Disease: A Sweet Scented Killer Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a rare, potentially deadly disorder where the body cannot break down the three branched- chained amino acids (BCCA): leucine, isoleucine and valine. These amino acids are used to build proteins and when they are not being used they can be broken down and recycled in the cell. The complex that breaks these amino acids down is called BCKD (branched-chain…

DNA is the element of making an organism. It contains genetic information that can be applied to all kinds of functions required for living. DNA is a sequence of nucleotides which can be transcript to mRNA. When mRNA is formed, it can later on translate to tRNA where codon could be found. Codon is a set of nucleotide in tRNA which is directly related to the formation of amino acid. The combination of codon determines the characteristic of the amino acid. In other words, to make amino acids,…

DNA purification: To get pure DNA to use, a silica membrane was used to collect the long DNA strands. We started by adding 5 volumes of PB buffer to 1 volume of each PCR reaction. We put column and the silica wafers into tubs and pipetted the DNA samples onto the wafers. We centrifuged the tubes for a minute and disposed of the waste. After that we pipetted 0.75 ml of buffer PE to the samples and spun it for another minute then disposed of the waste. The columns were added to the tubes and spun…

This is accomplished by adding salt and ethanol to a solution containing DNA or RNA. In the presence of salt (in particular, monovalent cations such as sodium ions (Na+)), ethanol efficiently precipitates nucleic acids. The purified precipitate can be collected by centrifugation, and then suspended in a volume of choice. PROTOCOL:…

sequencing and visualized by gel electrophoresis. It also can be cloned into plasmids. PCR is used in many fields of medicine, molecular biology research, medical diagnostics, and ecology. It is fast and inexpensive technique used to amplify DNA and RNA fragments by 107 times. The polymerase chain reaction was…