Ribosomal RNA

obtain some bacteria from our fingerprints and different locations around the Biology Building. My partner and I examined our bacterial colonies that grew from the cells collected. We selected a single colony of the unknown bacteria from a fingerprint. We set up a PCR reaction to amplify the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, of the bacterial genome. To do that we prepared a small liquid culture of our bacteria (Leicht, 2015). . We scrapped the bacterial colony with a toothpick and transferred into the tube with the water and vortexed it. This is now your live culture. The 16S ribosomal RNA primer universal primers, so they are complementary to sequences that are from all bacterial species. The primers in different bacterial species have a region that is variable in the nucleotide sequence. The DNA sequencing reaction will result in the amplified nucleotide sequence will show which species it came from (Leicht, 2015). To set up your colony PCR you need three tubes, one labeled H, B, and C. The H tube has your live culture in it and then it is heated because the heat will lyse the cells and kill them so it can release the DNA. The B tube has you bacterial DNA, 2X PCR Master Mix, and 16S RNA primer mix. The C tube is used as your control. The tubes were then placed in a thermocycler at different temperatures and times (Leicht, 2015). Next we will use a simple and fast purification method for the DNA. We put PCR product plus the Buffer BB in the spin column and collection tube.…

activity of the microbial community, and the abundance of some key microbial groups, than the purely abundance or culture based techniques discussed previously. However, there is still a lack of specificity when examining microbial groups of interest. Therefore, overreliance on these techniques will once again prevent us from functionally linking changes in bioturbation, changes in microbial community and activity, and the overall change in the processes of interest. Genetic analysis can provide…

A genotypic method uses molecular techniques to identify bacteria by doing DNA or RNA analysis of the bacterium’s genome ("Conventional Bacterial Identification Methods", 2013). The 16S rRNA gene sequences provides species-specific signature sequences useful for bacterial identification ("16S Ribosomal RNA Sequencing Theory”, 2016). The 16s rRNA gene sequence uses a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a specific DNA target from a mixture of DNA molecules, which helps in the…

In a marker paper written by the NIH HMP Working Group, Jane Peterson, Susan Garges, et al in 2009 it was stated that the aims of the project were to study variation in human microbiome. Some of the features that would be used for analysis were population, genotype, disease, nutrition, medication as well as environment and influence on disease. The key findings of the project would later be placed in a database that would be available to the scientific community. Hence sometimes the human…

PCR is a common practice used to amplify a certain region of DNA. In this experiment, PCR was used to amplify the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the bacteria. This locus was used because it is one that evolves slowly in bacteria. A Taq polymerase is used for this PCR because of the temperatures the reaction goes through. The16S rRNA primers used in this PCR, are complimentary to sequences conserved in all bacteria and will target sites of variation. These sites of variation were the regions of the…

This paper is going to describe the replication of DNA and RNA and the processes of transcription and translation of protein synthesis. What is DNA? DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in cells and some viruses, consisting of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. DNA sequences are replicated by the cell prior to cell division and may include genes,…

transcriptional machinery of RNA Polymerase I in the oocyte Experimental Approach: Aim1: To address the roles of the Hira complex in rRNA transcription and embryonic development The Hira histone chaperone complex is an evolutionarily conserved complex, which is composed of Hira, Ubn1 and Cabin1, and cooperates with the histone chaperone Asf1a to mediate H3.3-specific binding and chromatin deposition12,13. I previously demonstrated the critical roles of maternal Hira /H3.3 on paternal…

A. RNA doesn’t have thymine. RNA uses Uracil. RNA can leave the nucleus. B. mRNA- mRNA is called the messenger DNA. This RNA can leave the nucleus and delivers information to other parts of the cell. tRNA- Transfers amino acids to proteins. Ribosomal RNA- Forms parts of ribosomal subunits C. Proteins must be synthesised constantly in order to use the codes from genes over and over again. 2. A. During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. It then…

RNA polymerase attaches itself to a template of DNA and then go into base pairing, synthesizes mRNA or messenger RNA. This is called transcription, as the DNA code being transcribed into mRNA code. RNA replaces Thymine for Uracil during base pairing. 4. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm this goo like part of the cell where ribosomes can be found. 5. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, in other words they create proteins. 6. mRNA attaches one end to a ribosome, and through…

Francis Crick first wrote about this process in 1958 and again in 1970. The central dogma of molecular biology is the reference of the transferring of information of the sequence of the gene to the protein product. This process is how DNA is coded for RNA, which basically is the turn code for the proteins in our body. DNA is in every living thing, which is the molecule that carries genetic material from the parents to their offspring. Basically, it is the most important thing in the human…