Ribosomal RNA

used to build a protein in a two-step process. Transcription is considered to be the first step of gene expression. It is known to be the process of making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of messenger RNA (mRNA). The process of eukaryotic transcription can be separated into three phases, initiation, elongation and termination. This complex process involves various cell signaling methods as well as the activity of many enzymes. Genes are segments…

Thus, the genetic code is the basis of the central dogma of molecular biology. Central dogma is nothing but the flow of genetic information in all living cells including human cells from DNA to RNA to proteins. The central dogma There are three classes of sequential biopolymers that encode information: DNA, RNA, and protein. The central dogma of microbiology describes the ways in which information flows among these three classes: DNA replication (DNA to DNA), transcription…

Nucleoli are comprised of DNA, RNA, and proteins and disappear during prophase of cell division only to reassemble during telophase [5]. In addition, nucleoli consist of two separate parts: the granular component and the fibrillar component. The fibrillar component contains a large quantity of RNA polymerase I, which transcribes ribosomal RNA, and the granular component is where the later stages of ribosome production take place [5]. Besides…

The ribosome reads information along the mRNA and brings the amino acid together with help from transfer RNA. Transfer RNA has a cloverleaf shape with base-paired arms and an attached anticodon sequence. At the bottom of the tRNA there is an anticodon that pairs with a codon on mRNA. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides. Codons are read, in order, by tRNA,…

the center of the cell, and takes up about ten percent of the cell’s volume. It is a large, oval-shaped structure bound by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. Inside the nucleus, are organelles called nucleoli, which assemble RNA and synthesize ribosomal subunits. Throughout the inside of the nucleus, is a substance called the nucleoplasm, which suspends the nucleus’ structures. The nucleus controls the activities of the cell to maintain life and reproduce. It also regulates the…

Transfer RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a crucial component in Protein Synthesis. It serves as an adaptor molecule between the codon, the three nucleic acids and the amino acid after which a specific protein will be synthesized. It is the intermediate in Protein Synthesis which interprets the genetic code. Without tRNA, translation in prokaryotes or eukaryotes could not take place. Common Features of tRNA Molecule Each amino acid has at least one tRNA molecule. Therefore, these tRNA molecules have…

4+11+3.1) = 51.4 kb. c) The sum of the exons (all in kilobases) (1.2+0.7+0.4+3.1) = 5.4 kb. d) RNA Protein Truncation mutation in exon 2 Same length, same amount of RNA produced. Shorter in length (due to earlier stop codon), same amount of protein produced, usually changes the protein to non-functional, though not always. 3bp in frame deletion in exon 1 Shorter in length by 3pb, same amount of RNA produced. Shorter in length, same amount of protein produced, usually causes the protein to…

in bacteria, transcription officially begins when an RNA polymerase and a sigma subunit bind at two different sites at a promoter. An open promoter complex is formed when DNA unwinds in this area and RNA synthesis starts because of a holenzyme. This is where regulation really comes into play, because transcription will continue as long as it has enough of what it needs until it hits a termination sequence. After which, the brand new produced RNA and enzyme are let go from the template. Until…

dogma of molecular biology? The central dogma is the explanation of how genetic information flows as it is passed from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA replicates and converts the information it carries into RNA, this process is called transcription. During transcription the information is passed through nucleic acids and there is no need for a change in the “language.” When RNA continues the flow of information and it is passed to proteins, this is called translation. It is called translation…

Results Design of the RNAi vector The PMT gene family is well conserved among the Solanales. There are five genes in the PMT gene family (PMT1 to PMT5) which differ in the exon 1 sequence due to the insertion of a variable number of 33 nucleotide repeats. This makes the first exon as an ideal region for the design of gene specific RNAi trigger sequence (Fig 1A). Full-length sequences are available for four PMT genes (PMT1 to PMT4) whereas only the sequence of exon1 is known for PMT5 which…