Ribosomal RNA

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) within organisms can be methylated while proteins can be either methylated or acetylated. The methylation of DNA and RNA is used for alternative splicing used for production of different mRNA molecules resulting in numerous new proteins. One of the molecules believed to perform the methylation is N6A or N6 methyladenosine. Methylation is the most observed modification to mRNA molecules. Methylation of both DNA and RNA ensures…

An operon is a cluster of genes in a bacteria that are clustered together and have related functions. Genes in an operon are coexpressed, which means that they are turned on or off under a single promoter. The genes of the arabinose operon are Ara A, Ara B, and Ara D (or the B. A. D. genes) which are all digestive enzymes that allow bacteria to break down arabinose. When Ara A, Ara B, and Ara D cluster together they form the arabinose operon. The gene that replaces the arabinose operon is the…

Explain how in one organism codon usage and tRNA abundance might be connected. Codon brings the genetic material that could translate to protein. Each codon contains triplet nucleotide, and each of them code for an amino acid, two different nucleotide sequences can encode the identical protein. There is some special codon that code for the initiation and termination of translate. The most common start codon is AUG, and the stop codon are UAG, UGA, and UAA. tRNA has a tertiary structure, and…

CRISPR Cas9 CRISPR Cas9 is a gene editing tool that can be used to edit, delete, and change parts of the genome. What makes CRISPR Cas9 different from other gene editing techniques such as Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) or Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN) is its targeting efficiency ability. For example, ZFNs and TALENs could only reach targeting efficiencies from 1% to 50% in human cells. On the other hand, CRISPR Cas9 had a much higher rate at greater than 70% in Zebrafish…

now unwound in the area that is needed so the RNA polymerase is able to help line up the nucleotides to create a complementary strand of the mRNA. Between the strands there are hydrogen bonds which are then separated apart. One of the strands is then able to be used as a template strand. Onto this template strand these is base pairing which is the DNA cytosine joining to the RNA guanine, DNA guanine joining to the RNA cytosine, DNA thymine joining to RNA adenine and DNA…

affected by Zika. Originating in the Zika forest of Uganda, ZIKV was predominantly found in areas of Africa and Asia. However, there have recently been reports of more than 36 countries with cases of the virus. (Chen, 1), (CDC) ZIKV is a single stranded RNA virus that was originally found in a rhesus monkey. Transmission of the virus can happen through two types of modes. The first mode of transmission is through a bite from an infected Aedes mosquito. These mosquitos are considered to be…

Genetic disorders may affect millions of people every few seconds around the world, and it’s our job to understand how they work or occur in order to try and prevent them or cause them from getting worse. With how far research has come over the years, we now know how genetic disorders occur. They occur from something called mutations, which I am sure mostly everyone has heard about. Most people just don’t understand exactly how mutations work, occur, or how they cause millions of different…

proteins cannot form without the information stored in DNA. The solution to the problem seemed to lie in RNA, the mediator between DNA and proteins. It has been discovered that RNA can catalyze many reactions, and RNA might catalyze its own replication. If RNA could self-replicate natural selection or some other mechanism could act to create a more complex RNA. If this were the case than RNA might have increased in complexity until it could code for a viable life…

A Comparison of Protein Synthesis between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes The different fundamental organisation of genetic material and organelles between eukaryotes and prokaryotes leads to dissimilar processes of protein synthesis. The larger eukaryotes have a more intricate pathway associated with protein synthesis, due to both the biochemical structure of organelles and enzymes, and also the transport of genetic material within cell. In this essay I hope to explore the differences of gene…

Figure 22. Relative mRNA expression in INS-1E cells after different chemicals treatment. Cells were treated with DHT, TCS and TCC for 48 h before RNA extraction for activity determination. Expression levels of the AR, pdx1, GK and Ins2 were determined by RT-QPCR and mRNA expression levels were normalized with TFIIB (A-D). DMSO treated samples were considered as control. Control samples were set as one and results are shown as mean ± S.E.M of duplicate samples from three independent experiments.…