Phospholipid

lack of biological research leads to Increasing the cases of ZIKV in the world. This project sheds light on the mystery novel that allows ZIKV invasion and infection the host cells. A penetration process of ZIKA virus occurs by binding with Gas6 protein or (Growth arrest-specific 6) that leads to activate the Axl protein and release a downstream cascade of signaling within the cells, moreover, Axl signaling plays a significant role in protecting the human cell from stranger guests through a marvelous process called fluid-phase uptake. The hypothesis is a ZIKA virus follows the comparable manner to Axl-dependent Ebola virus uptake and we could summarize this manner in three stages: 1) Infection with ZIKA virus leads to flip the host phospholipids PS from inside to the outside of the host cell and helps to generate ZIKA virions that are surrounded by host lipids 2) ZIKV can interact with indirectly Axl through binding to Gas6. 3) ZIKA utilize AXl and PLC to invade into the host cells through…

Background: The cell membrane surrounds all cells and controls what comes in and what goes out of the cell. It is selectively permeable (it permits certain things to enter and prevents other things from coming in). There is a phospholipid bilayer in which the hydrophobic tails point inward and the hydrophilic heads point outwards. Inside this plasma membrane there is usually an integral protein, cholesterols, a protein channel (for substances that can’t enter through the phospholipid bilayer), a…

Introduction Phospholipase A. is an enzyme used by Leukocytes to destroy bacteria, by causing membrane permeability. In multiple purification steps, we must isolate the enzyme and prove our experiment is a success. Results Figure 1 shows Sephadex carboxymethyl ion exchange chromatography of a leukocyte’s cytoplasm. The 3 things being measured in this graph are: overall protein concentration, permeability-increasing activity(PI) and phospholipid A(PLA) activity. PLA activity is measured by…

cell membrane is found in every cell. The cell membrane is around 7-10nm, making it difficult to view even with a transmission scanning electron microscope (it only shows a double black line), this means that no one knows exactly what the membrane looks like. All membranes have the same basic structure made up from phospholipids (fats). The membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer; consisting of a polar phosphate head and two fatty acid tails. The head is made from an alcohol and glycerol…

Phospholipids Phospholipids are a kind of lipid that are well suited to both their biochemical and physiological function. They comprise of a glycerol backbone with a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails. The tails are hydrophobic, meaning that they do not interact with water. When a group of phospholipids come into contact with water they arrange themselves in a bilayer that hides the hydrophobic parts from the aqueous surroundings. This leaves the head of the phospholipid in contact with…

Introduction An organelle divides the inside form the outside. It helps to maintain homeostasis. Its structure is phospholipid bilayer with associate protein. The phospholipid has a hydrophobic tail, it does not like water, and hydrophilic head meaning it likes water. A bilayer means that there is two layers of the phospholipids the heads stick out and the tails touch each other staying away from the water. The proteins divide the group of phospholipids from each other. There are three…

Introduction Phospholipase A. is an enzyme used by Leukocytes to destroy bacteria, by causing membrane permeability. In multiple purification steps, we must isolate the enzyme to be able to conclude it can be used for antibiotic use. Using homogenate, acid precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and 2 from of gel filtration, the purification will be tested. I hypothesize these purification steps will isolate and purify the enzyme desired. Results Figure 1 shows Sephadex carboxymethyl ion…

What are the nonpolar parts of a phospholipid? c. Tail group 4. This is the only polar portion of a cholesterol molecule and it forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of phospholipids. d. –OH group 5. This type of membrane protein will extend throughout the entire membrane touching both the Intracellular fluid and the Extracellular fluid. e. Integral proteins f. Transmembrane proteins g. Integral proteins and Transmembrane proteins Ans: D …

Homeostasis is defined as keeping the variables and conditions of a system constant and regulating the internal conditions. In a biological system at the cellular level, this can be defined as the process of maintaining stable conditions inside a cell, such as a normal pH, salinity, and ion concentration, to keep the cell healthy. There are several parts of the cell that play a role in homeostasis, but one of the more prominent ones is the phospholipid bilayer membrane. The cell membrane…

In 1935, the first plasma membrane structure model was introduced by Danielli and Davson. They proposed that the membrane is made of phospholipid bilayer that consists of hydrophobic head and the hydrophilic tail. Hydrophilic head, which is polar, facing towards the water molecules and said to be coated with protein. Hydrophilic tail, which is non-polar is not facing water molecules and sandwiched between the two bilayers. At regular intervals of the surface of the plasma membrane, there are…