Photoelectric effect

incoming photon, which is detected by an electronic circuit, while thermal detectors convert optical energy to heat, which then generates an electrical signal.3 Herein, two types of photodetectors are examined: a PD and a PMT. Although both detectors detect light by converting incident photons to electrical signals, they differ in the way they achieve this. The PD is a p-n junction semiconductor device that generates current when the photodiode absorbs a photon of sufficient energy. This process creates an electron-hole pair through a photoelectric effect. The holes move to the anode while electrons move to the cathode creating a photocurrent. PDs have fair sensitivity and relatively fast response times, but have some limitations due to noise.4 A PMT is a single tube that consists of a photocathode, a series of dynodes, and an anode. Arriving photons strike the photocathode, from which an electron is ejected as a consequence of the photoelectric effect. This electron is directed to an electron multiplier though a secondary emission process.4 Thus, the large number of electrons arriving at the anode creates a sharp current response that is detectable. Like PDs, PMTs also have relatively fast response times, but they are exceptionally sensitive, allowing them to be used in single photon studies.4 In order to study these two photodetectors, we analyzed three properties: sensitivity, shot noise, and gain. The sensitivity, S, is defined as the measure of the average current, I,…

to accurately predict its behaviour. His ‘imaginary’ discrete energy packets had no place in this structure. Planck’s equation was not, at first, very popular. The rest of the physics community had the same problems with it as he did, the fact that he had to use a mathemagical trick to get the right curves for blackbody radiation. Light did not come in quanta, so there had to be a better equation waiting to be found. Albert Einstein had other ideas. …That Changed Reality The Photoelectric Effect…

This is what is called constructive interference. The Classical Mechanic then directed Alice’s attention to the area of the water where the water was practically undisturbed. In this case, the water from one gap created a rise in the water as Alice had previously observed. This time, however, the water from the second gap created a trough in the water’s surface. The Classical Mechanical explained to Alice that, in the case that one wave goes up above the surface of the water and one goes below…

Einstein developed the theory that light travels at the same speed no matter the “frame of reference” which contradicted Galileo’s previously believed theory of relativity, giving the scientific community a different idea to ponder (Hayden 12). Albert discovered that the universe was constantly expanding, later proven by Edwin Hubble, which discredited the previous view that the universe was static or never changing, altering the scientific world’s past beliefs (Biography.com 14). One of…

“labels” and became very famous for his scientific knowledge. When Einstein was 16 years old, he always wondered what it would be like to ride his bike on a beam of light, 10 years later he came up with a special theory of relativity, which lead him to find out that light always travels at the same speed (which is 186,000 miles/second). Albert Einstein’s career, beginning with an extensive education through physical science, had a lasting influence on the photoelectric effect, Special/General…

changed the way we 8communicate, and how we establish social status. It has has effected every institution of society: family, religion, government, economy, and education. There has been both positive and negative aspects to social media. In today’s life, its about trying to find the right balance with social media that society can prosper from it. Social media will always be apart of the world, so instead of deeming it as a negative effect on society, there are ways that it can be more of a…

Depression. A mental illness that seems to be effecting twenty percent of the teenage population (citation). Believed to be a disease that only effects the poor or a specific race, depression is a disorder that is victimizing even the most popular of individuals, such as Marilyn Monroe. The research question that is explored in this essay, explains the many effects of depression on teens aged 10 -16, which are the symptoms or results of an issue. Many times these teens are unknowingly effected…

When acting unethical in a business there is a number of things that can go wrong. One result could be legal issues depending on how the action was commenced and the effect it had on the people around it. Legal issues on social media these days is really bad for business and will most certainly have a negative effect on your company. There are also fines in place if the government was to find out that there is such legal issue going on inside your company. Another effect is how such act makes…

In the article Toxic effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by Scott- Goodwin A.C., Puerto M., and Moreno I. speak about the dangers of using while pregnant. These authors article tries to target new parents about the risk they take when they take drugs while pregnant. They try to educate them about what the drugs can do not only to the child but also the mother as well. The introduction paragraph of the article the authors give a general over view of how being under…

What is the Effect of an Unseen Disability on a Student? One of my favorite quotes is from Einstein where he states, “but if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid”. Similarly, an unseen disability can make a student feel like that fish in that the student is often asked to perform tasks in such a way that is not within their ability. Unquestionably, a physical impairment is obvious and noticeable, while an unseen…