Pathogen

How blood borne pathogens are transferred. 3. A walkthrough of the exposure control plan. 4. How to identify a situation and whether or not there is risk for infection transmission. 5. Proper use of the PPE for blood borne pathogens. 6. How to select the proper PPE. 7. Education on the vaccines available to you. 8. How to handle an exposure. 9. Post exposure procedure. 10…

It is commonly known that hand washing is extremely effective at preventing the spread of pathogens from patient to patient and protects healthcare workers (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). Therefore, proper hand hygiene is critical for ventilated patients to prevent VAP. A study conducted with 100 ventilated patients showed…

complement receptors (C3/CR4) that recognize the ligands on the microbial surface. The macrophage captures pathogens by phagocytic receptors on the macrophage surface, then the macrophage engulfed and internalized the microorganisms by receptor mediated endocytosis. Phagosome will fuse with lysosomes, and form phagolysosomes (acidic vesicles contain degradative enzymes/toxic) to kill the pathogens. 2. What are cytokines? What is the role…

The chronic inflammation is slow onset reaction which needs days to start. However, once it is started, it is a long duration reaction and is associated with more tissue destruction. The reaction needs lymphocytes and macrophages, and the proliferation of blood vessels and the deposition of connective tissue are also existed in the response. What is more, it is lack of local and systemic signs and is always severe and progressive, and may causes tissue injury and fibrosis. While the acute…

monocytogenes is a gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium and facultative anaerobic that can grow under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions but do not form endospores. Among the six species of Listeria, only Listeria monocytogenes is the major human pathogen that causes disease in humans. It is a causative agent to cause listeriosis, a serious infection caused by ingesting the food contaminated with Listeria. The optimum temperature for growth is 30 to 37 degree Celsius, within this range, they…

I believe that the author speculates about the human disruption of natural ecological conditions has caused an increase in human animal contact and the emergences of "Zoonoses" historically humans have been sickened by pathogens originating from animals like measles and smallpox pandemics like the Justinian plague, Black Death,yellow fever, HIV, and SARs originated from animals past focus has always been on reacting to the disease not preventing it although that has changed in recent years with…

Vaccines for the longest time have been under scrutiny, for their alleged correlation with autism and other bad side effects while also having been credited for eradicated or largely eradicated many infectious diseases. The issue even came up during a recent Republican presidential debate. Under all that scrutiny the real question would be: Are vaccines more helpful or harmful? To really understand the answer to this question, one has to look at certain facts. For example, what exactly are…

researches show that it can also be caused by gram negative bacteria, fungal and viral organisms. The traditional treatment is antimicrobial therapy, which is based on the appropriate choices of antibiotics. Since the pathogens are so various, it is very hard to find the antibiotics that the pathogens are sensitive to. What is more, sometimes antibiotics can also results in drug resistance, which make it even harder to treat. Secondly, it can result in immune response disorder,…

in contact with a pathogen such as bacterium or virus. It can be artificially acquired through vaccination (see next answer) or naturally acquired during microbial infections. Following exposure to for example, a microbe or an antigen (a molecule that triggers a specific immune response), the body responds via B cell clone differentiation which produces specific immunoglobulins/antibodies (immune cells) to fight infection as well as memory B cells which attack the same pathogen in subsequent…

There are many factors that are speculated to contribute to CCD, such as pesticide use, pathogens, climate change, and bee habitat degradation (Potts, 2010). However, because all of these factors are dependent and interact with one another, it is hard to pinpoint which has more of a negative influence over the other (Potts, 2010). • Pesticide…