Pathogen

also a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Mosquito bites can affect human health and cause diseases, such as malaria and dengue. In general, malaria is a protozoa infectious. The pathogen is one of five human pathogenic species of Plasmodium. The main mosquito vector is Anopheles. Whereas dengue is a viral infection. The pathogen is dengue virus. The main mosquito vector is Aedes. Both diseases can cause acute febrile illness. However, malaria can be chronic while dengue cannot. The specific triads…

that would promote plant growth and disease suppression” (2015). The majority of all bacteria lives in the soil however, there are few that can succeed at becoming plant pathogens. One of the examples in grapevines is Rhizobium vitis, which causes crown gall, and is mainly confined to and spreads via xylem vessels. The pathogen causes damage to the trunks of young grapevines as well as to mature vines which are restructured by heavy pruning (Keller…

There are numerous risk factors identified by many researchers that influence the occurrence of clinical mastitis such as age, parity, lactation stage, milk yield(Yamane, 2003; Rollin et al., 2015) A. Breed Risk of mastitis varies from breed to breed. High yielding cows are generally considered to be more susceptible to intramammary infection e.g. Holstein Frisian (HF), Jersey or HF and Jersey cross bred dairy cows are more susceptible to mastitis than Desi (Zebu) breeds of cows (Sharma, 2003)…

B cells have cell-surface immunoglobulin molecules as receptors for antigen and, upon activation, secrete the immunoglobulin as soluble antibody that provides defense against pathogens in the extracellular spaces of the body. T cells have receptors that recognize peptide fragments of intracellular pathogens transported to the cell surface by the glycoproteins of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Two classes of MHC molecule transport peptides from different intracellular compartments…

In the case of vector-borne infectious diseases, a competent vector must also be present to transmit the pathogen to the host. A vector is defined as an animal, insect, or other organism that carries a pathogen and spreads it to another organism. With the environment rapidly changing and conducive weather events shown to increase, regions that were formerly uninhabitable to some pathogens – and their vectors and nonhuman reservoir hosts – may soon become hospitable enough to support them.…

The Hepatitis B infection (HBV) is a standout amongst the most well-known blood borne pathogens. The recurrence of HBV disease among all social insurance laborers in the United States is assessed to be 3.5–4.6 contaminations for every 1000 specialists, which is 2–4 circumstances than the level for the all inclusive community. There are preventable…

Introduction Sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia are all caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a gram positive pathogen. The majority of fatalities caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are in children under five years and adults over sixty-five years. Unlike many other pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae is prevalent in both well- and under-developed countries. Antibiotics and vaccines are constantly being developed to combat Streptococcus pneumoniae, as new strains evolve and resistance increases.…

Mechanical ventilation is required in up to 50% of all critically ill patients during their hospital course. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia that develops 48 hours after a patient has been placed on mechanical ventilation. It is most commonly caused by bacterial infections including fungi and viral epidemics and it is usually found in the sterile lower respiratory tract. Early diagnosis and the appropriate use of antibiotics will help to avoid the emergence of…

Enterobacteriaceae family. It has become an important opportunistic pathogen associated with a number of life-threatening diseases and nosocomial infections (Hejazi and Falkiner, 1997). S. marcescens is known to have high survival capability under hostile conditions; it is commonly found in a number of disinfectants as well as in nutrient-poor reservoirs such as drinking water, soil and/or pipes. S. marcescens is recognised as an opportunistic pathogen due to the red pigment that it produces…

foreign objects present in the wound is also essential.14 Surgery should be avoided except in cases of chronic/ stage 4 osteomyelitis as surgery can further introduce pathogens to the bones and worsen the infection.12 It is very important to start treatment for osteomyelitis as early and as effective as possible in order to avoid complications such as bone necrosis, weakened bone, systemic infections, and sepsis as a result.12 Further infection of the bone may also occur in untreated…