Pathogen

sanitization is one of, if not the, most important aspect of working in the medical field. Nurses, doctors, technicians, or any medical personnel, come in contact with many patients in just a single day. Each patient can have a myriad of different pathogens that can easily contaminate the hospital. Hand hygiene is an easy solution that highly decreases the risk of cross-contamination to other surfaces, coworkers, and even patients. These standards of care, regarding sanitization, are…

Antibiotics are a phenomenal class of drugs that saved many lives, since the arrival of Penicillin in the 1940s. However, the misuse and over exposure of antibiotics created antibiotic resistant pathogens, causing a substantial threat to humanity in the form of severe infections. Antibiotic resistance is a global problem that can impose a catastrophic threat to people in every country. Each year in the unites states, at least 2 million people become infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria…

Introduction and Thesis The health impacts of globalization and development are simultaneously positive and negative, depending on various socioeconomic factors. Globalization allows for the creation of a “global village” where people, goods, and information are able to more easily transcend national borders. Coupled with economic development, globalization has altered the human health and disease exposure by altering the relationship between disease, its treatment, and people’s immune systems.…

Micro pathogens are virus, bacterium, parasites or chemical substances that entered into food from farm through contamination with toxic water which caused major food-borne disease to human. These microorganism pathogens caused several illnesses like diarrhea or meningitis which can lead to long term disease such as cancer. As globalization facilitate the movement…

Introduction Influenza A virus is a respiratory pathogen that seasonally causes approximately 200,000 hospitalizations every year in US alone and affects human health worldwide extensively [1]. Seasonal viruses circulating in the human population cause annual epidemics with about 500,000 deaths per year. Furthermore, novel strains of influenza A virus without pre-existing immunity could cause a global pandemic with a high fatality rate; the 2009 H1N1 pandemic caused 151,700–575,400 deaths in…

published in 2002, “Health care workers who wear artificial nails are more likely to harbor gram-negative pathogens on their fingertips than are those who have natural nails, both before and after hand washing.” One study that proved this was published in 1999 in the Oxford Journal of Clinical Infectious Disease found that “86% of a volunteer group of healthcare workers with artificial nails had a pathogen such as Staphylococcus aureus, which causes staph infections, or yeast under their nails,…

unrealistic, in actuality by staying healthy and alive people can influence economies, governments, and even future technology. By staying healthy scientists can further study pathogens and the immune system to make even more vaccines for people in the future. When a person gets sick their body is being sieged with pathogens that are trying to kill the host organism. By taking a vaccine; however, people can reduce the amount of times that happens and live healthier lives. In addition, vaccines…

In addition to direct antagonism, an enhancement in plant growth and level of induced resistance has been reported by several antagonists like Trichoderma/Hypocrea and Gliocladium, against many pathogens in several crops (Compant et al. 2009; Harman et al. 2004). In the present study, individual microbes increases the plant growth over infected control under glasshouse. However, a further enhancement of growth parameters was recorded with combined…

Foodborne illnesses cost the United States billions of dollars each year. There are five major bacterial pathogens that cost the United States the most, which are: campylobacter. E-coli 0157:H7, E-coli non-0157:H7 STEC, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes.According to fightbac.org, salmonella is the most costly, coming to a total of around 2.65 billion dollars each year in the United States. Campylobacter costs the US around 1.2 billion each year as well. People and/or the government spend…

plasma cells which originate from B lymphocytes. Antibodies are effective at dealing with extracellular (or freely circulating) pathogens. They have various functions such as 1) targeting extracellular pathogens for lysis via phagocytosis or complement, 2) neutralizing receptors on bacterial and viral surfaces and 3) inactivating circulating toxins1. However, some pathogens may hide and replicate within host cells, highlighting the need for a second type of immune response, or cell-mediated…