Pathogen

It has been noted that during breeding season, sharks will fast for an extended amount of time, and live off of lipids stored in their livers. Sharks do not necessarily require mating in order to reproduce, this type of reproduction is referred to as “parthenogenesis”. Shark’s senses are highly developed, most particularly their sense of smell which allows them to detect a subtle smell to its exact source. Shark’s sense of sight and hearing, although not quite as developed as their sense of…

He suggests that this human demographic takeover could not have occurred without the aid of non-human actors, such as animals, pathogens, and weeds, which also completed takeovers of their own. Crosby states that "the demographic triumph of Europeans in the temperate colonies is one part of a biological and ecological takeover which could not have been accomplished by human beings…

Introduction Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is causing a decline in honeybee population in the United States that in turn affects the nation’s economy and ecology. This paper will examine what CCD is, what the possible causes of CCD are, its impact on the nation’s economy and ecology, different treatment options, how this impacts the local area around the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and what the future might hold for bees in the United States. Colony collapse disorder is a…

products, the acid-to-moisture ratio along with pH is the governing factor for pathogen control. An acid: moisture ratio > 0.70 in combination with a pH < 4.1 is often used as the pathogen-control target level for these products. Usually, these ratios are combined with other factors such as pH or added antimicrobials to effect pathogen control. It is the interaction of these factors that controls the ability of pathogens to proliferate in foods. In addition, real mayonnaise doesn't spoil…

As the sayings " serve safe foods from farm to table" means a lot for everybody to be free from foodborne illnesses. Anybody can prepare foods. It is always important to serve safe foods in every meal. Food safety requires that foods be properly handled throughout every phase from the source of the food to receiving until consumption and even proper utilization of leftovers. Both the European Union and World Health Organization (WHO) stated that food safety is the shared responsibility of…

The Cold War was a time of peace. A peaceful war that kept mankind on a brink of self-destruction through means of a nuclear holocaust. Although, there was never a conflict to break out. Mankind never wiped itself out and the Soviet Union collapsed. Following the Cold War, there has been a significant draw down of warheads and nuclear weapons remain a highly debated topic. To support this debate, one side favors the continued stockpile of nuclear weaponry. The validity and necessity of nuclear…

Pathophysiology Q 1.1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the name applied to two related diseases, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterised by abnormal inflammatory obstruction of the airways, lung parenchyma, (respiratory bronchioles and alveoli) and pulmonary blood vessels (Brown, 2013). Research shows that COPD is being recognised as an inflammatory disorder of the large and small airways characterized by remodelling and emphysematous…

SHOULD WATER CHLORINATION BE BANNED? The recorded deaths due to waterborne diseases have demonstrated that water treatment is critical. Thus, methods like water chlorination have been developed to achieve water quality. This procedure has exhibited notable decreases in diarrhoeal diseases, and has shown prolonged disinfecting effects on many microorganisms when used with ammonia. However, there exists protozoa that are resistant to chlorination, and such spores have led to outbreaks that…

- Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s), are organisms that have had their genetic material altered in a way that is not classified as naturally occurring (mating or natural recombination), but has been the result of human intervention. - Concerns have immerged about the possible side effects that GM crops will have on our environment and the human body after consumption, as well as the possibility of economic distress. - The introduction of GM crops could theoretically solve hunger crisis in…

and Th17. (Takeuchi et al., 2015) Mossoman et al., 1986 considered Th1 to be essential for intracellular microorganism immunity, and Th2 for extracellular pathogen immunity (Zhu et al., 2008). Th17’s roles were not yet discovered. Th1 is now known to be involved in cell-mediated immunity. T helper 1 (Th1) cells control intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and certain bacteria, by producing the cytokine IFN-ϒ. IFN-ϒ is called type II interferon; it’s a cytokine involved in regulating all…