Oxidative stress

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. Oxygen byproducts are relatively non-reactive but some of these can undergo metabolism within the biological system to give rise to these highly reactive oxidants. However, free radicals can chemically interact with cell components such as DNA, protein or lipid and steal their electrons in order to become stabilized. This, in turn, destabilizes the cell component molecules which then seek and steal an electron from another molecule, therefore triggering a large chain of free radical reactions 1 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in many aerobic…

4.1 Introduction: Stress is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening forms of mental illness affecting more than one fifth of the world’s population. It is always related to alterations of signaling pathways mainly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Mikhai et al, 2014). Rat models are an obligatory tool to study the etiology and progression of behavioural and biochemical changes induced by oxidative stress. Restraint stress produces an imbalance between oxidants and…

pot experiment was conducted with an aim to explore the ameliorative effects of exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP) concentration against salinity stress in Brassica napus (L.) cv. Pactole. Methods Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in plastic pots and were exposed to ***** mM NaCl. Further, ***** days old plants were sprayed with sodium nitroprusside (SNP, **** μM) solutions. Plant growth indices, mineral uptake, membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, H2O2…

level of plasma protein, albumin and globulin markedly reduced in diabetic rats when compared to the control rats. These lowered levels of plasma protein, albumin and globulin were significantly restored in Kombucha and glibenclamide treated rats (Fig. 3.4.2a), while there was no significant change observed in A/G ratio in the treated groups. DM causes severe damage to the kidney that leads to renal dysfunction (Eid et al., 2013). Diabetic nephropathy is one of the important microangiopathic…

Phenols Degradation by Fenton Reaction in the Presence of Chlorides and Sulfates Siedlecka et al. (2005) also studied a series of phenol compounds present in wastewater. These compounds, as mentioned above, are widely used therefore are commonly found in wastewater derived from different industries such as petrochemical, food or resin manufactured. Since common biological treatment for these kinds of compounds is not feasible, is important to develop new technologies to treat these…

using SPF products which is usually in forms of creams or sprays. Fourth, it guards your skin against UV radiation damage. There are medications, in form of pills, that provides Vitamin E to your body making your skin healthy and far from the damage but these potent pills are totally not recommended to be taken. Well-managed diet makes a good defense for this harmful damage and much less effective in pills, unless doctors recommend so. UV radiation is commonly found in the sun but even…

2001). It has been suggested that effects of ROS on human cells may induce the oxidative injury leading to apoptosis (Salganik 2001). To study the relationship between ROS production and apoptosis, BaP-, DBT-, and Ret-induced ROS production in SK-N-SH cells was measured following exposure to CM-H2DCFDA, which forms a fluorescent oxidation product in the presence of ROS. Fig. ….shows the ROS levels after exposure to BaP, DBT, Ret, and H2O2 (positive control). A dose-dependent significant increase…

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is a mitochondrial lipid dependent membrane bound enzyme and principle donor of free energy in the living system. Any alteration in membrane lipids leads to changes in membrane fluidity, which in turn alters the ATPase activity and cellular function. The use of ATPase level measurement was considered as an appropriate index of membrane damage. Pathological processes that interfere with the production of ATP may interfere with sodium pump activity, which in turn…

spectrophotometer was zeroed after the addition of the remaining reagents. Following the addition of 10 µL Rhodamine-123 dye, the data recording was immediately started. As the two lines on the computer program appeared to stabilize, 30 µL mitochondrial sample was added to the cuvette. When the lines restabilized, the inhibitor VU591 was added. At the end, 5 µL carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, commonly known as FCCP, was also added. FCCP is an uncoupler of oxidative…

Life is full of stress. According to Daniel Kirsch, Ph.D., president of the American Institute of stress, stress includes all psychological, physiological, and behaviors that how people react to their difficult situations (Lifer, 2013). There are many reasons that cause stress: work pressures, family issues, exams, …and everyone copes with stress differently, so the impacts of that are not the same for anyone as well. However, not all stresses are unhealthy. In some ways, stress brings many…