Oxidative stress

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are anaerobic pathways which means that oxygen is not need to form energy. However the electron transport chain is aerobic and that is due to the oxidative phosphorylation were with the help of oxygen molecules ATP molecules are produced. Fermentation is a reaction that occurs when oxygen is not present or very restricted. In the case of bakers…

carbon dioxide (CO2), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and hydrogen ions. The citric acid cycle links glycolysis which produces pyruvate from glucose and oxidative phosphorylation which generates ATP which is used as energy for metabolic processes. The citric acid cycle is catabolic and anabolic. Fuel molecules are catabolised (broken down) to generate ATP. Anabolism is where molecules such as amino…

What is UGT1A4? The majority of drugs are metabolized to form compounds that are more polar in structure than their parental precursors. The ultimate goal is to 1) increase the hydrophilicity of the presented compounds along with their molecular weight, 2) inactivate their biological effects and 3) facilitate their efflux from the cells, subsequently followed by excretion into bile or urine1. The metabolic enzymes in charge of this process are traditionally organized into two separate…

There's various types of ways an organism can live, one being autotrophic. Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from living beings. They're the producers of the biosphere because they can release organic molecules. Most autotrophs get their energy from photosynthesis. They store their chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules that they build themselves. Autotrophs are the ultimate source of organic compounds producing organic molecules and that's the direct link…

Rigor Mortis The term rigor stems from the Latin term meaning stiffness. Mortis stems from the Latin term meaning death. Upon death, respiration ceases to occur. Without oxygen, metabolism stops, organs shut down. The body’s main source of energy is the cell production of ATP. Wikipedia’s definition:” Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical…

Riboflavin contains a tricyclic dimethyl-isoalloxazine ring (Flavin Nucleus) that is conjugated to a 1-Carbon ribityl, an alcohol derived from pentose sugar D-ribose, is attached at the 9 position of isoalloxazine nucleus as shown in Figure 1. The metabolically active coenzymes of riboflavin are riboflavin -5-phosphate or Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that participate in many vital oxidation reduction processes. Catalytic sites of some enzymes are covalently…

nucleotide and consists of adenine, a ribose sugar and a triphosphate unit. ATP is “an energy-rich molecule because its triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds” and, a significant amount of energy is released when these bonds are broken1. Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway whereby mitochondria in living cells generate ATP from the oxidation of nutrients. This process involves the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 generated from glycolysis and the citric acid…

Making ATP from Free fatty Acids:- The other two energy substrates, FFAs and AAs, bypass glycolysis and ultimately enter the TCA cycle/oxidative phosphorylation as pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or different components of the TCA cycle. FFAs are released from adipose tissue by lipolysis and circulate in blood bound to serum albumin. Transport proteins then translocate FFAs into cells. FFAs are metabolized in mitochondria by the repetitive, cyclic process of β oxidation. This requires the transport of…

plays a vital role in various reactions associated with oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and fermentation. Cells synthesize NADH from glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. The hydrogen from NADH reacts with oxygen to produce energy and water. Adequate availability of NADH is essential for a cell to perform its core functions properly (Casem, 2016; Khan et al., 2007). The energy generated from NADH during various processes, such as oxidative phosphorylation, is stored as adenosine…

Figure 1. Function and Nuclear Translocation Illustration of the Nrf-2 Pathway Preliminary data showed that SUL could ameliorate hyperoxia-compromised phagocytic function. This experiment sought to explore the mechanism behind this phenomenon. We hypothesized that the activation of Nrf-2 would increase the antioxidant potential of macrophages exposed to hyperoxia by induction of antioxidant protein, HO-1, leading to a reduction in iROS and the subsequent prevention of HMGB1 release. Significant…