Membrane potential

results of the experiment explain some of the electrical features of neurons and muscles. Conclusion The neuromuscular system is vital for the movements conducted by the voluntary muscles. The system is responsible for the transmission of action potentials to the muscle fibers. The neuromuscular junction is where the nerve impulses are transmitted to the muscles. The electrical signals travel from the brain and move down the nerves where they prompt the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic…

chain with a molecular mass of 150kD. Recently, Type B Botulinum Toxin is also commercially available in market.  Mechanism of Action The main site of action of Botulinum toxin is neuromuscular junction. Normally, at the junction, when action potential depolarises the axon terminal, acetylcholine is released from the synaptic cleft. This process is facilitated by a transport protein, named SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor)…

When investigating the mechanisms of neural communication and the impact various drugs can have on this its important to take into consideration what these actually mean and whereabouts in the body are the main components. The word neural communication consists of how neurons communicate with each other through their physiological process, and drugs consist of chemicals, substances or medicines that have a physiological and/or psychological effect on the brain and body. Within this essay I will…

Our logic for choosing kinesin for developing CNS therapeutics is based upon our own research, which found that kinesins are transcriptionally upregulated during memory storage and that they are both necessary and sufficient to induce long-term memory storage (LTM) in the marine snail, Aplysia californica (Puthanveettil et al., 2008; Fig 1). Furthermore, other researchers have also discovered that an increase in specific kinesin function in the mouse forebrain improves working memory (Wong et al…

system (PNS), is said to be “myelinated”, while the bare axon is “unmyelinated”. Action potentials travel more rapidly and further in distance along a myelinated axon, this is because they travel by salutatory conduction. This is when the impulse at the first node generates currents that open gated channels…

Myasthenia Gravis Background Myasthenia gravis is a Type II autoimmune disorder in which antibodies form against various types of receptors, kinases, or proteins (1). There are four subtypes of myasthenia gravis, with the most prevalent subtype being due to autoantibodies against the muscle-type acetylcholine receptor, AChR, at the neuromuscular junction (2; 3). The second subtype involves antibodies against the muscle-specific kinase, MuSK, and the third type is due to autoantibodies against…

of peptidoglycan that is enclosed by an outer membrane. The outer membrane is surrounded by special phospholipids composed of fatty acids called lipopolysaccharides that are attached to a glucosamine…

THE EFFECTS OF OSMOSIS INTRODUCTION Osmosis is the process where molecules of a solvent are prone to pass through a semi-permeable membrane, going from a less concentrated solution to a higher concentrated solution. Doing this equalizes the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. Our question throughout the experiment was; What effects do the different concentrations of sucrose have on the rate of osmosis? The hypothesis was; If the solute concentrations do effect the rate of osmosis,…

substances across the cell membrane. The cell membrane is found on the outside of the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell. It is selectively permeable. The membrane has cells that share common structural features, including an outer boundary. All cells are contained by a cell membrane, which keeps the pieces inside. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout. It separates what’s inside the cell, some of the proteins. The plasma membrane helps maintain…

Observing Osmosis INTRODUCTION Osmosis is the “diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane” (Raven et al. G-16). In this experiment, dialysis tubing was used to mimic the selectively permeable membrane to show what osmosis does when placed in different solutes. We filled dialysis tubes fill with different percentages of solute and placed them in beakers full of a different solute. Through this experiment, I saw what happens when the solution becomes hypertonic, hypotonic, and…