Membrane potential

cilia and flagella found protruding from the cell body on the surface of eukaryotic cells are made of many microtubular bundles. Cilia are hair-like structures that protrude from the cells surface in eukaryotic cells they are covered by a plasma membrane. They are formed from a stable bundle of microtubules; these grow from an area in the cytoplasm called the basal body. Microtubules are made of a protein called tubulin, alpha has a slightly negative charge and beta has a slightly positive…

1. A salivary gland is stimulated by its parasympathetic nerve. a) Describe the organization of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that largely acts involuntarily. It consists of nerves in cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine and endocrine glands. The main visceral activities are temperature regulation, digestion, blood pressure and genitourinary function. The second main division of the…

Wallerian Degeneration, which is the process where the nerve ending that is separated from the system begins to degenerate. Once the injury has occurred, it takes around 24 hours in the PNS to begin Wallerian Degeneration. First, the axonal skeleton and membrane disintegrate. Following this, the myelin sheath is disintegrated and macrophages and Schwann cells (glial cells which support neurons) enter the neurolemma, which remains as a hollow tube following the disintegration of the…

place, making action potential unlikely. Non channel synapses - neuroreceptors are enzymes that are bound to the membrane. When activated, they catalyse (cause or accelerate) the 'messenger chemical', which can have an affect on the sensitivity of the ion channel receptors in the cells. Neuromuscular junctions - synapses formed between motor neurones and muscle cells. Electrical synapses - the membranes of the two cells actually touch and they share proteins. The action potential can pass…

It has been established for more than 40 years that Cl- is not passively distributed in gastrointestinal smooth muscle (Aickin et al 1983, Barajas Lopez et al 1989, Casteels 1971, El-Sharkawy and Daniel 1975 p1278,) and that there is a complex relationship between the distribution and transport of Cl- and the distribution and transport of other ions including Na+, K+ and Ca2+, as well as responses to changes in pH and osmolarity. The full complement of Cl- ion transporters and Cl- selective…

Na+/K+ Pump and the Secondary Active Transport of Glucose The concentration gradient of sodium ions produced by the sodium potassium pump possesses potential energy that is utilized as sodium ions move down the concentration gradient during secondary transport. [5]. The sodium gradient propels the absorption of glucose in the glucose sodium cotransporter, SGLT1 [6]. SGLT1 uses the sodium gradient to move the glucose molecule down the gradient since it does not have its own energy to do so [6].…

sensitize the nociceptors and stimulate A delta and C fibers, nerves that carry the pain signals. A constant influx of these mediators and enzymes cause the nerves to respond to lower levels of these chemicals, leading to an increased number of action potentials and thus an increased sensation of pain (Chapman, 2010). It has been postulated, “repeated stimulation of peripheral nociceptors produced changes in the dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord... Epidural analgesia/anesthesia might…

transfection agent that forms liposomes which fuse with the plasma membrane by electrochemical changes and allows plasmid passage9. Co-transfection with a marker gene with antibiotic resistance is common. Stability is evident when adding toxins for selective pressure ensures that only the stable ones can proliferate in further cultivations10. In this experiment, we use the Geneticin (G418) toxin agent for isolating drugs with potential antagonism. G418 inhibits polypeptide synthesis (400 μg/mL…

The difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are excitatory neurotransmitters lead to changes that generate action potential in a responding neuron. Inhibitory neurotransmitters block the changes that cause action potential to be generated in the responding cell. The function of receptors are to bind a specific chemical substance. An example of this would be, "...a dopamine but does not bind other neurotransmitters…

Project Summary Hypothesis Statement: The Atypical Protein Kinase C Zeta (PKMz) is the molecular mechanism underlying Long Term Potentiation (LTP) maintenance at the synaptic membrane. Furthermore, this process is regulated at the level of translation of a locally available pool of PKMz mRNA, and can be sustained in part by active PKMz itself, or inhibited via an activity-dependent translation block. Significance: If the effects of a true PKMz conditional knockout result in memory impairments…