Membrane potential

Over the years, biologists have carried out experiments to explore the differences in animal hearts. With regards to this experiment at hand, the differences were explored between mammalian and amphibian hearts. This experiment also helps us determine the effects of external, biological factors and pharmacological substances on the contraction of the heart. The following will serve as an overview of the structure and functioning of amphibian heart. A frog heart has three chambers (two atria and…

increased pressure. 3. The blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than in the Bowman’s capsule. 4. So fluid from the blood is pushed in the Bowman’s capsule. 5. Molecules with a higher molecular mass than 69,000 cannot get through the basement membrane so are held in the capillaries of the glomerulus. Molecules with a higher mass include most proteins and all blood cells. 6. The substances which are filtered out of the blood include: water, amino acids, glucose, urea and inorganic ions…

experiment sought to explore the mechanism behind this phenomenon. We hypothesized that the activation of Nrf-2 would increase the antioxidant potential of macrophages exposed to hyperoxia by induction of antioxidant protein, HO-1, leading to a reduction in iROS and the subsequent prevention of HMGB1 release. Significant advances in this field will have the potential to provide clinical and therapeutic approaches for patients suffering from hyperoxia and VAP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell Line…

used for the removal of certain components in equilibrium reactions. 2. Polymer membrane compaction, a frequent problem in high-pressure gas separation, is not encountered in pervaporation because the feed pressure is typically low.[8] 3. The permeate pressure has to be always lower than the saturation pressure of the permeant to achieve separation.[9] 4. Desorption of the component at the permeate side of the membrane. [10] 2.3 Operating Principles of distillation: The basic principle of…

To begin, the role of the ACH receptor is vital to biology. An incoming action potential to an alpha motor neuron causes acetylcholine or ACH, at the end plate. The ACH binds to ACH receptors on the sarcolemma causing a depolarization through sodium influx. In your body, calcium performs a number of basic functions. The body uses around 99 percent of its calcium to keep bones and teeth strong, as a result, supports skeletal structure and function. The rest of the calcium in your body plays…

Demonstration of the Relationship between the Surface Area to Volume ratio on the rate of Diffusion Introduction: The surface area to volume ratio determines the rate of diffusion, the larger it is the faster nutrients will diffuse. Phenolphthalein acts as an acid-base indicator, turning pink in bases like NaOH and being colorless in acids like HCl. Using agar blocks as cells, a model was made to measure the rate of diffusion of different sized pink agar blocks changing to colorless ones.…

open state of the channel pore is greatly reduced/blocked. This occurs as the inhibitory nucleotide (ATP) would have higher affinity for the channel than the activating nucleotide (MgADP). Closure of the K+ channel leads to depolarised state of the membrane. The voltage-gated calcium channel is therefore always open as the cell is depolarised constantly. Other example of mutations that cause hyperinsulinism by impairing the channel activation in response to metabolic inhibition are 3992-9G>A…

There are five phases of action potential in working cells: during phase 0, fast sodium channel opens allowing sodium ion (Na+)to enter the cell and depolarize it; during phase 1, membrane permeability to Na+ decreases, partially repolarizing the cell; during phase 2, L-type Ca2+ channel opens allowing extracellular Ca2+ to influx to maintain and prolong action potential; potassium ion rushes into the cell during phase 3, and together with the inactivation…

the process of oxidative phosphorylation, and this can lead to weight loss. In order to produce ATP, the body uses carbohydrates and lipids. DNP can mess this up by interfering with ATP as it is being produced. Protons are transferred across the membrane, and this is what disturbs the process of ATP. Since the body needs fats and carbohydrates in order to make energy, and they do not have that in this situation, the metabolic rate of the body increases. This turns fats and carbohydrates into…

P5 List of all cell features and functions: • Nucleus • Cytoplasm • Cell membrane • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Cell wall (Plant Cell) • Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth & rough) • Lysosome • Golgi Apparatus/body • Nucleolus • Vesicles A nucleus is like the brain of the cell, it is a large oval which controls the activities of the cell and the nucleus also contains genetic material (DNA). The nucleus also contains hereditary information. Most chemical processes and reactions, which are…