Endothelium

By absorbing UVA, the Riboflavin also prevents injury to deep ocular structures, including the endothelium, lens and retina (Wollensak et al., 2003a). Indications: The primary purpose of crosslinking is to stop the progression of ectasia. Likewise, the best candidate for this therapy is an individual with a progressive ectatic disease of…

small molecules out of the blood and into the Bowman's capsule. The blood entering the glomerulus is separated from the space inside the Bowman's capsule, by two cell layers and a basement membrane. * The first layer is the endothelium of the capillary. In the glomerulus, this single layer of cells has thousands of gaps. * The basement membrane between the two cell layers is composed of glycoprotein and collagen fibres. Its mesh-like structure acts as…

Coronary sickness is the principle wellspring of death in Australia moreover the world, it impacts 1.4 million Australians a year. In 2013 13% of all passings were made by coronary sickness. In 2012 7.4 million people kicked the pail as a result of coronary sickness. Coronary sickness is the advancement of plaque (fat store on the internal dividers of the veins) in the coronary conductors that supply O2 rich blood to the heart muscle, the improvement of plaque is called atherosclerosis. After…

In the outpatient setting older adults are often informed they have Aortic Valve Stenosis (AVS) but they are unaware that they have problem. They do not feel short of breath except maybe with significant exertion however their Echocardiogram indicts there is AVS. AVS is the third most common cardiovascular disease and frequently effects older individuals (Akerstrom, Barderas & Rodriquez-Padial, 2013). AVS is a progressive disease which does not show significant problems until greater than 50%…

Aspiration is inhalation of foreign material below the vocal cords. In anesthesia practice, the inhalation of gastric content is rare 1 per 2000-3000 cases occurrence, however the consequences of the complication can be detrimental (Raghavendran, Nemzek, Napolitano, Knight, 2011). Presentation of the pulmonary aspiration ranges from silent aspiration, where the patient does not experience any symptoms, to the development of acute lung injury (ALI). The mortality rate after development of ALI…

IgA nephropathy or Berger’s Disease, is a kidney disorder that arises when IgA settles in the kidneys. More specifically, when the IgA protein accumulates or clumps in the small blood vessels of the kidney, triggering inflammation which damages the glomeruli tissue (Mayo Clinic). Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on the posterior abdominal wall. One of the kidneys main functions is to filter toxic waste from the blood; the glomeruli play an important role in this process. The more…

to non-enzymatic reactions between intracellular glucose-derived dicarbonyl precursors and amino groups of both intra- and extracellular proteins is accelerated in a hyperglycaemic state. These AGEs bind to RAGE receptors on inflammatory cells, endothelium, and vascular smooth…

of hypertension. People who have a specific genetic variation have increased risks of developing hypertension. The gene variation is known as polymorphisms. These polymorphisms can heighten risk alone or associate with other variations. In the endothelium there is a cell called the pericyte, this cell can sense the amount of blood flow and if the forces are too strong then it can signal the endothelial cells to secrete nitrous oxide to decrease blood pressure. On a Molecular level…

VEGF also involved in maintenance of normal adult endothelium, highest expression seen in epithelium adjacent to fenestrated epithelium. Hypoxia is the most important inducer of VEGF through pathways that involves intracellular hypoxia –inducible factor. VEGF is important in the promotion of neovascularization…

Carditis is the inflammation of muscle tissue in the heart. These inflammation are classified into three different categories based on the location of the inflammation. They are known as Endocarditis, Myocarditis, and Pericarditis. All three categories have common diagnosis and same procedures in diagnosing the inflammation. Carditis is to be referred to the inflammation of the muscle of the heart and Pancarditis is to be referred to the inflammation of the entire heart. Endocarditis The…