Endothelium

Day 1 John Smith ,62 years old male body weight 160 kg and height 1745cm long term smoker. Today he is consulting his GP with his blood lipid profile which resulted LDL -5.6, HDL -0.4, TG-5.7and total cholesterol -9.4. Q1. Ideal Total Cholesterol (TC) should be 4 mmol/L or less, LDL-Cholesterol (LDL) should be 3 mmol/L or less and HDL-Cholesterol it should be over 1mmol/L (men) overall Total Cholesterol the lower figure is the better. In Johns result he has Total Cholesterol of 9.40 which is…

and abnormal cholesterol levels. Furthermore, a study conducted by Hambrecht et al. (2000) was to determine if aerobic exercise training can improve coronary reserve in patients with coronary artery disease and endothelial disfunction. Vascular endothelium plays a major role as modulator in the synthesizing and releasing of nitric oxide. A modulator is a factor…

It has been already stated that the definite causes of essential hypertension (which accounts for 95% of conditions) are not known, but it is associated with a number of factors that might increase that patients probability of developing hypertension like, age, obesity, insulin resistance (diabetes), high alcohol intake, high salt intake (especially in salt-sensitive patients), and sometimes sedentary life style, stress, low potassium and calcium intake can cause hypertension, also, high blood…

Implantation of a stent within a coronary artery alters the local hemodynamics modifying the shear stress upon the endothelium. 14 Low endothelial shear stress causes a phenotypic change in which can induce a phenotypic switch in the smooth muscle cells from contractile to secretory as well as increase migration into the intima and proliferation. 15 Overall, regular or high endothelial shear stress maintains the contractile phenotype of the smooth muscle cells therefore inhibiting neointimal…

recipient’s serum which are either directed against donor HLA antigens (referred to as DSAs) or ABO blood group antigens located on the graft endothelium {Chan:2000ui, Howell:2010fg, Overviewoftranspla:2013ty, ImmunologicAspects:2002tn}. Following anastomosis and blood flow into the graft, the antibodies bind to their respective antigens on the vascular endothelium activating the complement cascade and also the clotting cascade. This leads to the accumulation of granulocytes and platelets in the…

streaks later develop into more advance lesions. Genetics and environmental factors influence the progression of these lesions. The continued development of atherosclerosis involves an inflammatory response, which beings with injury to the vascular endothelium. The injury may be initiated by smoking, hypertension, and other…

A. Nitric oxide is an odorless gas that plays an important role in the regulation of pulmonary vasomotor tone. As inhalation occur, NO is diffused from the endothelium into the smooth muscles of the pulmonary vessel and stimulates soluble guanylate cyclase which converts GTP to cGMP. An increase in cGMP relaxes the smooth muscles and produces vasolidatory effects which increase the blood flow to well-ventilated areas with elevated vasomotor tone. Beneficial effects of inhaled NO include decrease…

I-Kappa-B-alpha which is often abbreviated IkBa is a protein whose role is to mask the nuclear localization signals to inhibit the NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa beta) proteins by keeping them in inactive states and isolating them in the cytoplasm, this inhibits the NF-kB transcription factors and blocks the NF-kB transcription factors from binding with DNA. NF-kB is a protein complex that is responsible for controlling cytokine production, transcription of DNA, cell survival, and plays a key role…

Breakthrough in the treatment of cardiovascular disorder Myocardial Infraction Introduction: Acute Ischemic necrosis of an area of myocardium is known as myocardial infraction (Heart attack). Heart Muscle necrosis occurring as a result of critical imbalance between coronary blood supply and myocardial demand is called myocardial infraction. Suddenly myocardial loses its blood supply. In most of the patients Myocardial Infraction develops in left ventricle. [1] The main cause of myocardial…

Contemporary competitive sport is a rivalry on the border of the bodies endurance. Along with the improvement of training methods, these boundaries are shifted and it is difficult to determine the real limit of human potential to beat consecutive records. The commercialization and the popularity of big athletic events on television, along with the enormous sums of money paid to athletes for their performance, intensify the competition. All this creates new medical problems; new quality disease…