Endothelium

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a classification of the most common form of sickle cell disease. This class of sickle cell disease is genetic and is caused by the homozygous mutation of the beta-hemoglobin gene (beta S allele) in red blood cells [2]. Individuals who are diagnosed with sickle cell anemia have deformed (sickle shaped) red blood cells that have a lower lifespan [3]. This causes irreversible tissue damage and causes a vaso-occlusive crisis, which is pain in the abdomen, bones and chest…

use of intravascular catheters, pacemakers and defibrillators are becoming a more common cause of SVCS. Recent research has suggested that use of such structures have been linked to blood clots in the SVC (Chee et al. 2007). Disruption of the Endothelium of the SVC through trauma from the lead in such structures is thought to be a cause of blood clot formation in the vein as the mechanical stress can trigger the inflammatory response (Kokotsakis et al. 2014). The SVC – atrial junction is…

of the vessel walls, with reconstruction taking place in order to recompense for the differences in wall pressure. Along with relating to various structural causes, vessel function can have an impact on the arterial stiffness as well, with the endothelium and, especially, nitric oxide being primary determinants (Payne, Wilkinson, & Webb, 2010). General knowledge on the subject of dynamic fluctuations in arterial stiffness continues to be rather insufficient; for that reason, the causes of…

In the case study of Mary, an obese, African American woman, we are given the opportunity to explore best care measures for her diabetes. Currently, she is taking 800 mg of Metformin daily and maintaining a diabetic diet along with daily exercise. Recent lab work shows a hemoglobin A1c drop of one percentage point, however her current level is still above target at 8.5 and fasting blood glucose levels range from 160-190 mg/dL. To provide the best care for Mary, two approaches may be considered;…

For the initial entry of the virus, the ephrinB2 domain is necessary. Once entered through micropinocytosis, protease cathespin L activates the virus (12). Nipah Virus can replicate very easily in human lung fibroblasts. It can infect the surrounding cells by either cell-to-cell spread or through release of infectious particles. When monocytes get infected, they can transmigrate through the blood brain barrier to infect the brain. This could be plausible if the monocytes were inefficient in…

Coronary artery disease due to atherosclerosis is the most common cause of unstable angina. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart throughout the body and there is a thin layer of cells called the endothelium, which helps keep the arteries toned and smooth to keep blood flowing. Damage to this thin layer can be caused by high blood pressure, smoking or high cholesterol which leads to the formation of plaque. This build up of fatty material accumulates…

cause infection because of the small number that is actually inhaled and because the respiratory tract’s defense mechanisms prevent them from entering the air passages further down in the lungs. When loss of cough reflex, damage to the ciliated endothelium that lines the respiratory tract, or impaired immune defenses predispose to colonization and infection occur in the lower respiratory system. Symptoms in the congestive stage, coughing brings up watery sputum and breath sounds are limited,…

What I Learned Today I worked antenatal and postpartum. I had a good day and learned a lot from Melissa. I was able to assist in a discharge and assess a patient with a history of PIH and hypothyroidism. I also performed a baby bath and postpartum assessments. I assessed a patient who is high-risk because of a history of fetal demise. And although she was seemed okay she stayed for twenty-four hour surveillance because she had to decelerations in antenatal. My patient had right-sided…

Insulin Receptor Introduction Insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor, an important member to a large family of tyrosine kinase receptor proteins. Endogenous ligands such as insulin, IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1) and IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-2) bind to this receptor to carry out major physiological and metabolic functions. INSR (Insulin Receptor) gene encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed in our body to form a functional heterotetrameric insulin…

In a DALK graft, only the outermost epithelium and about 80 % of corneal stroma are replaced; the patient's rearmost endothelium layer and the Descemet's membrane are left, giving some additional structural integrity to the transplanted cornea [9]. Comparisons indicate that outcomes are similar to penetrating keratoplasty in terms of visual acuity and astigmatism, with about…