Endothelium

Introduction Malaria is a lethal disease caused by the Plasmodium species that are transmitted to people through bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.1 There are 5 known Plasmodium species and among these, the P. falciparum is the most dangerous and deadly.1 According to the latest studies, there are approximately 198 million cases of malaria in 2013 and an estimated 584 000 deaths.2 However, Malaria mortality rates have decreased by 54% in the WHO African Region and nearly 47% globally…

Introduction Haemostasis is the ability to stop the flow of blood in an event of external injury or a breach in a reasonably sized vessel within minutes without affecting the rest of blood flow in the body. The haemostasis consists of four main processes vascular response, platelet response, Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. But when haemostasis is not stopped and goes overactive or get activated inappropriately activated can cause thrombosis and few other complications. The first three step in…

a complicated and detailed process because there are many events occurring within the body at the same time. According to The Journal of Virology, Ebola Virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies, this virus tends to attach to endothelium cells and there are two different receptors for the virus to bind to, to begin the process of invasion. Lectin DC-SIGN can accommodate the binding of Ebola glycoprotein’s (GPs) to other cells, as well as folate-related receptors. Observation of…

Alhambra Community Intervention The city of Alhambra is located in the western region of San Gabriel Valley (Service Planning Area 3), which is in Los Angeles County (City of Alhambra, 2016). The city’s total population count as of 2015 is 85, 551 (United States Census Bureau [USCB], n.d.). The largest group in Alhambra are Asians (48.6%), followed by Hispanics (38.9%), Whites (9.4%), two or more races (1.5%), Blacks (1.3%), American Indians (0.2%), and Native Hawaiian and other Pacific…

Hyperlipidemia is an abnormally high level of blood lipids and lipoproteins (LeMone, 2015, p. 867). There are two categories of hyperlipidemia: primary and secondary. Primary hyperlipidemia is due to a genetic defect. “There may be a defective synthesis of the apolipoproteins, a lack of lipoprotein receptors, defective receptors, or defects in the handling of cholesterol in the cell that are genetically determined” (Porth, 2011, p. 407). Secondary hyperlipidemia is initiated by other diseases…

main stags of the progression of atherosclerosis, these are; endothelial cell injury and inflammation, fatty streak, hard/fibrous plaque and finally soft/complicated plaque. When an endothelial cell is injured this allows LDPs to enter the sub endothelium, this is likely to…

contain more antioxidant activity, polyphenols, and flavanols than other fruits tested, which included blueberries and acai berries. Dark chocolate can improve blood flow and lower blood pressure Flavanols in dark chocolate can stimulate the endothelium, the inner layer of arteries to produce a gas called nitric oxide (NO). One of the functions of NO is that sends signals to the arteries to relax, which reduces the resistance to blood flow and thus lowers blood pressure. There are many…

respiratory bronchioles; they terminate into hollow sacs of air called alveoli which are also approximately one cell layer thick. Blood is pumped to the lungs from the right heart via the pulmonary arteries which transition to capillaries that have an endothelium one cell thick. These capillaries surround the alveoli. There is a thin basement membrane between these structures. This thin walled interface is the site of gas exchange. Its thin structure is critical because gases are exchanged via…

within the brain causing dysfunction. Sudden rupture of blood vessel in the brain causes a hemorrhagic stroke. Another form of cerebrovascular disease is aneurysms. The weak branching points of arteries give rise to swelling with thin covering of endothelium that causes a tear to bleed easily within a small rise of blood pressure. Also it defects the capillaries causing the tissue cholesterol to deposition in hypertensive subject within or without dyslipidemia. If any bleeding happens the…

Atherosclerosis is an underlying pathology that can lead to common cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, and acute myocardial infarction. It is also the leading cause of death in the United States.1 Atherosclerosis-related disease accumulated to 68% of deaths in the United States in the year 2010.1 Often, it remains undiagnosed and is only determined as an underlying cause when an individual has a dangerous episode of stroke or myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis…