Endothelium

lesions on a patient that show this abnormal vessel structure. Recent studies have shown that there are two different types of patterns for this disease: spontaneous and autosomal dominant (Brouillard et. al 2007). Inherited VMs are shown to be caused by mutation in the EC specific receptor tyrosine kinase TIE2, which is also known as TEK, located on chromosome 9p21 (Brouillard et. al 2007). Two mutations have been reported, R849W and Y897S, both of which increase ligand-independent auto-phosphorylation of the receptor, without causing an increase in EC formation (Brouillard et. al 2007). While more information is known on the inherited cases of VMs, little is known about the spontaneous formation of VMs. However, a study showed that the endothelium in VMs is not proliferative meaning that the observed deficiency of smooth muscles is a result of diminished recruitment rather than an increase in proliferation of ECs (Vikkula et. al 1998). Therefore, before we dive into possible causes for spontaneous VMs, we must first take a look at how SMCs work. Smooth Muscle Cells Smooth muscle cells can be differentiated into two main types: single and multiunit smooth muscles (Hill et. al 2016). In a single unit smooth muscle cell, gap junctions are used to send signals between the cells (Hill et. al 2016). However, in multiunit smooth muscles, the muscle cells function as independent units because there are few, if any, gap junctions (Hill et. al 2016). This would be used to describe…

is an avid smoker. Because the patient has a long history of smoking and an increased blood pressure and pulse, the patient has a high susceptibility to atherosclerosis which resulted in W.R.’s hypertension. Smoking injures endothelium cells, which is located in the tunica intima of the blood vessel. The tunica intima is the layer of the vessel that comes in contact with the blood inside of the lumen. Once endothelial cells are injured, chemotactic agents and mitosis- inducing, or growth…

in the regulation of hepatic angiogenesis is reported in several studies [5,25]. Also, the microvessel density in liver biopsies of patients with HCV chronic infection is significantly high when compared to those of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection [26]. Accordingly, in vitro analysis of HCV positive sera were found to stimulate the migration and the proliferation of human endothelial cells [27]. These enhanced migration and proliferation of endothelial cells are attributed to the…

Aim 1: Analyzing the formation of the epithelium of visceral endoderm surrounding the internal cavity in locally-instructed embryoids Sub-aim 1.1: Investigating the formation of an endodermal epithelium around the cavity Rationale: VE is derived from PrE, an epithelial tissue that separates the ICM from the blastocoel. PrE and Epiblast (Epi) cells exist in a ‘salt and pepper’ manner in the ICM by E3.5, which can be visualized by the complementary expression patterns of Gata6 (PrE) and Nanog…

LITERATURE REVIEW Stroke is one of the major health problems worldwide and a leading cause of disability. But the treatment options for the management of stroke are limited. Thrombolytic reperfusion with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is employed in acute phase in only less than 3% of all ischemic stroke patients while standard treatments involving rehabilitation provide some benefits for the recovery during chronic phase. However, many high-profile failures in a…

Introduction: Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis is a malignancy caused by uncontrolled proliferation of the Langheran’s cell line with associated granulomatous deposition. The disease exists in a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from localized skin manifestation to diffuse disease with neurological involvement. Typically, diabetes insipidus occurs when the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is affected by histiocytic infiltration. Langheran’s cell histiocytosis can be confirmed by…

thickening in the arterial wall called an Atheroma (or "fibro-fatty plaque"). Atheroma narrows the lumen of arteries and weakens the vessel wall. Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and slowly progresses throughout life. Typically, it produces symptomatic clinical disease during the fifth and sixth decades of life. The atheromatous plaque is a raised lesion within the intima of arteries composed of a core of cholesterol, necrotic cellular debris and inflammatory cells. This is covered by a…

ARTERIES The walls of arteries contain flat and smooth muscle fibre that deal and relax under the guidelines of the sympathetic nervous system. The functions of the arteries are: transport blood away from the heart and transport oxygenated blood only. Arteries have four different parts, which are lumen, endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue. In arteries, the function of the lumen is to fires blood into the arteries at a high pressure, and they are very thick. The endothelium is made…

Mechanism Atherogenesis is the developmental process of athermanous plaques. It is characterized by a remodeling of arteries leading to sub endothelial accumulation of fatty substances called plaques. The buildup of an athermanous plaque is a slow process, developed over a period of several years through a complex series of cellular events occurring within the arterial wall and in response to a variety of local vascular circulating factors. One recent hypothesis , leukocyte, such as momocyte or…

beat) multiplied by heart rate (beats per minute). Peripheral vascular resistance is the opposition to the flow of blood that the heart must overcome, which can increase due to an occlusion or vessel edema. With hypertension, cardiac output and stroke volume decreases as heart rate and peripheral resistance increases due to overcompensation of the heart (Huether & McCance 2012). When the heart beats, it propels blood through the arteries to increase circulation throughout your entire body.…