Carboxylic acid

esters are found in fruits. An ester is a product of the reaction of an acid (carboxylic acid) and an alcohol (the hydrogen of the acid R-COOH is replaced by an alkyl group R'). Esters mainly result from the condensation (a reaction that produces water) of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The process is called esterification. This reaction can be catalyzed by the presence of H+ ions. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is often used as a catalyst for this…

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS 1) Structure Figure 1.1 The omega-3 fatty acids are also known as ω-3 fatty acids or n-3 fatty acids which contain a long chain of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the chain ranges from 18 to 22 carbon atoms (Collins J.J., 2010). The fatty acids have two ends; the carboxylic acid end (-COOH) and the methyl end (-CH3). The carboxylic acid end is considered the starting of chain which is “alpha” and methyl chain is considered as the tail of the long chain…

reaction will be tested for the presence of a carboxylic acid in the product, to make sure the reaction proceeded as expected, with the use of sodium bicarbonate (NaHC"O" _"3" ). Reactions Reaction 1: Diels-Alder reaction of maleic anhydride and (2E, 4E)-2,4-hexadien-1-ol…

analyze how the addition of acid or base and dilution affected the measured pH. The results showed that when the buffer systems were under acidic conditions their pH values decreased and increased when exposed to a basic environment. The main goal of the ionization of the amino acid experiment was to titrate an unknown amino acid with a strong base in order to produce a titration curve. The titration curve was used to evaluate the molecular weight of unknown amino acid #1 and proved that its…

polymers, extensively used not only for mucoadhesion properties but also for its controlled release mechanism. It has been applied to deliver various drugs via different type of dosage forms. HPMC is a non-ionic polymer and lacking of proton donating carboxylic group which causes lesser hydrogen bonding than carboxymethyl cellulose. • Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC): CMC, specifically sodium salt of CMC (Na-CMC) is an extensively used mucoadhesive polymer.CMC possesses better mucoadhesion than…

and ammonia. Buffer is made up of weak acid and its conjugate base. The pH of a buffer is determined by the ratio of unprotonated and protonated species, as described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation: Since buffer in its buffering region contains both unprotonated and protonated species that can accept and donate protons, respectively, it resists sudden change in concentration of protons accompanying with the addition of certain amount of strong acid or base depending on the buffer…

aspirin Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is an aromatic compound containing both a carboxylic acid functional group and an ester functional group. Aspirin, being a monoprotic weak acid, is only slightly soluble in water and it can be prepared by reacting salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst. 1.2: History of aspirin Aspirin was first produced about 110 years ago but the natural form, salicylic acid, found in plants (i.e. the willow and myrtle)…

oxygen3. Serratia Marcescens is a gram negative bacterium. Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell of a single layer of peptidoglycan that is enclosed by an outer membrane. The outer membrane is surrounded by special phospholipids composed of fatty acids called lipopolysaccharides that are attached to a glucosamine…

is a neutralization reaction. A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form an ionic compound (a salt) and water; the resulting pH is closer to 7. The general chemical equation for a neutralization reaction is: Acid + Base Water + Ionic Compound This can also be considered as a double displacement reaction. However, since the reacts are an acid (carbonic acid) and a base (sodium hydroxide) and the products are a salt (sodium carbonate) and water…

go to 7 or 7.8, it can be deadly. The blood buffer contains carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate acid and hydrogen ions. This equation can also be reversed; it is a chemical equilibrium. If the hydrogen ions rise, bicarbonate accepts the hydrogen ions and the equilibrium shifts left thus making the blood acidic. When the blood becomes acidic, acidosis…