Basal ganglia

animals. This consists of 5 parts which are the limbic system, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex. The limbic system processes emotions, how we recognize emotions, and how we express them. The thalamus sorts information coming from all these different parts. The Hypothalamus monitors pleasurable activities and releases hormones in response to emotions. The Basal Ganglia works with the cerebral cortex as well as the cerebellum to help you do movements such…

relapsing by forcing them to try something new which allows them to learn about alternative healthy options as opposed to doing drugs or alcohol. It engages the brain and gets the mind to think of something other than drugs, reprogramming the basal ganglia. It can stop and reverse the damage from alcoholism as well…

tested. The psychiatric disorders showed only 10 cases of decreased gray matter. In the neurological disorders, there were three parts of the brain that showed more negative alterations than other parts of the brain. These three parts are the basal ganglia, sensorimotor, and the temporal cortex. When it came to psychiatric disorders the parts of…

Television series and movies like Walking Dead, iZombie, Night of the Living Dead, and Dawn of the Dead, all have one thing in common, zombies. The zombies depicted in movies and shows like these all have the same attributes. They all lack language, have no remorse for killing, they lack the feeling of pain, lumber around, A physical attribute of a typical zombie lacks the use of language but do not lack voice, instead they groan. This leads me to believe that the Broca’s area is damaged. The…

The Cognitive Benefits of Bilingualism It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the views on the cognitive benefits of bilingualism. “One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way.” In fact, this is a quote from Frank Smith, one of the most influential psycholinguist who performed outstanding researches in linguistic and cognitive psychology. In brief, cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought,…

Virchow-Robin (VR) spaces or perivascular spaces of the brain refer to spaces that accompany the cerebral vessels as they pass from subarachnoid space into the brain parenchyma. A few evident perivascular spaces can be considered normal at any age but many visible perivascular spaces are not. The relevance of visible perivascular spaces to SVD is shown by their presence in increased numbers in patients with white matter hyper-intensities and with symptomatic lacunar ischemic stroke. The…

When looking at the left hemisphere of the model’s brain, the thalamus is in dark blue next to the ganglia and in front of the pineal gland. The thalamus serves as the last relay site where axons synapse before sensory signals are sent to the cerebrum. Additionally, the thalamus regulates motor functions and consciousness due to its role in sensory information regulation. The basal ganglia (in light green) are collections of nuclei found on both sides of the…

The basal ganglia regulates the nervous system and involuntary muscle movements, but if it gives off the wrong signals or doesn’t work properly, then it could tell the muscles to relax or contract at the wrong moments. Genetics may play a role, especially if a…

6) The monoamine theory of depression foresees the underlying pathophysiologic source for depression is the diminution of levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine within the central nervous system (National Center for Biotechnology Information). Indication for this hypothesis is sustained with clinical trials and animal testing. Barchas, J., and Altemus, M. (1999) Monoamine Hypotheses of Mood Disorders Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28257/ 7) NOT DONE 8) The…

The Pedunculopontine nucleus (Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is considered one of the key elements of the reticular activating system (RAS)[1]. It is located in the mesencephalic tegmentum just caudal to the red nucleus and dorsal to the substantia nigra; Laterally it is surrounded by the medial lemniscus and medially by fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle[2]. PPTN has a cluster of cells that exhibit a wide heterogeneity in terms of their neurochemical nature, their discharge…